Pneumococcal serotype 6d

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a new and emerging serotype of  Streptococcus pneumoniae  designated serotype 6D, and assays and monoclonal antibodies useful in identifying same. Also disclosed is a novel pneumococcal polysaccharide with the repeating unit→2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1-4) ribitol (5→phosphate. This new serotype may be included in pneumococcal vaccines.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/866,857, filed Apr. 19, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,945,568, which is adivisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/601,896, filed May 4,2010, which is related to and claims the benefit of PCT Application No.U.S. Ser. No. 08/064,951, filed May 28, 2008, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Applications No. 60/924,703 and No. 60/924,704, both filed May29, 2007.

FEDERAL FUNDING

This invention was made with U.S. governmental support under ContractsNo. AI 30021 and No. AI-031473 awarded by the National Institutes ofHealth. The U.S. government has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to bacteriology, immunology, and epidemiology.More specifically, this invention relates to new and emerging serotypesof Streptococcus pneumoniae and assays and monoclonal antibodies usefulin identifying these serotypes.

BACKGROUND

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a well known human pathogen and a majoretiologic agent for pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media as well assepsis, among primarily young children and older adults. S. pneumoniaehas been divided into ninety serotypes based on its expression ofserologically distinct carbohydrate capsules. Antibodies to a capsularpolysaccharide (PS) may provide protection against pneumococciexpressing the same capsular serotype. Currently available pneumococcalvaccines contain a mixture of capsular PS of multiple serotypes. Forexample, one pneumococcal vaccine (called PS vaccine) contains capsularPS from twenty-three commonly found serotypes. The most recentlydeveloped type of vaccine (called conjugate vaccine) contains capsularPS from seven to thirteen serotypes that are conjugated to a proteinmolecule. A seven-valent conjugate vaccine was introduced in 2000 forclinical use in the USA and has reduced the incidence of invasivepneumococcal diseases in children and in adults.

The distribution of pneumococcal serotypes is useful in estimatingvaccine efficacy. Ideally, an effective pneumococcal vaccine wouldreduce the prevalence of pneumococci expressing the serotypes includedin the vaccine and leave the prevalence of the pneumococci expressingnon-vaccine serotypes the same. In reality, the prevalence of thepneumococci expressing non-vaccine types increases to replace thoseexpressing the vaccine serotypes. Further, the prevalence of specificserotypes may change over time for unknown reasons. Consequently,accurate and efficient serotyping of pneumococcal isolates is importantfor monitoring the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines. Indeed,identifying emerging pneumococcal serotypes and producing moreefficacious pneumococcal vaccines remain crucial goals in public health.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention provides for the identificationof a new and emerging pneumococcal serotype and means for identifyingsame. More specifically, the present invention provides for a novelpneumococcal serotype closely related to serotypes 6A, 6B, and 6C,identified herein as serotype 6D.

An additional feature provides for an isolated culture of a bacteriumdesignated Streptococcus pneumoniae 6D.

Another embodiment provides for a novel pneumococcal capsularpolysaccharide with the repeating unit {→2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2(1→3) rhamnose (1→4) ribitol (5→phosphate}, which corresponds to S.pneumonia serotype 6D. A related embodiment provides for an antigeniccomposition comprising the novel 6D polysaccharide. Another embodimentrelates to antigen-binding proteins, such as antibodies, specific forserotype 6D or serotype 6D polysaccharide.

Another feature provides for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) useful inidentifying emerging pneumococcal serotypes, particularly monoclonalantibodies that distinguish serotype 6D, identified here as mAb Hyp6BM6,mAb Hyp6BM7, and mAb Hyp6BM8.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-FIG. 1D depict the results of an inhibition ELISA. Antibodybound to pneumococcal serotype 6A-coated ELISA plates (Y-axis) againstdilution of pneumococcal lysates (X-axis). Lysates include three 6Cisolates (solid symbols with continuous lines), three 6A isolates (opensymbols with dotted lines), and two 6B isolates (dashed connectinglines). Antibodies used for the assay were Hyp6AG1 (FIG. 1A), Hyp6AM3(FIG. 1B), rabbit Pool serum Q (FIG. 1C) and rabbit “factor 6b” serum(FIG. 1D).

FIG. 2 depicts opsonization assay data with various pneumococci. Thenumber of surviving bacteria measured as a percentage of the bacteriaadded to the reaction well at the beginning of the opsonization assayreaction (Y-axis) was plotted against the dilution of a human serum(X-axis) used in an opsonophagocytosis killing assay. The assay usedvarious pneumococci including a 6B isolate (open circle), two 6Aisolates (open square, open triangle), and seven 6C isolates (datapoints connected with dashed lines). The seven 6C isolates include thosefrom Brazil, Korea, and the U.S.

FIG. 3 illustrates an opsonization titer comparison. Opsonization titeragainst a 6A subtype (Y-axis) vs. opsonization titer against 6B serotype(X-axis). Circles and triangles indicate opsonization titers against 6A(labeled 6Aα) or 6C (labeled 6Aβ), respectively. The study used serafrom twenty adults who were not vaccinated (left panel) or twenty adultswho were vaccinated (right panel) with a conjugate vaccine (solidsymbol) or a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (open symbol). There wereten subjects in each vaccine group. The detection limit of the assay is4 and a sample with undetectable opsonization titer was assigned to havea titer of 2. When there were multiple data points at one spot, datapoints were artificially spread out to show the number of data points.

FIG. 4 presents DNA sequences of a part of the wciP gene from variouspneumococcal isolates (serotype 6C is labeled 6Aβ)

FIG. 5 is a photograph of an agarose gel showing PCR products obtainedwith nine 6A isolates (lanes 1-9) and six 6C (labeled 6Aβ) isolates(lanes 10-15). Two “M” lanes designate DNA size marker. The two lanesshow that molecules in the right side of the gel moved faster than thosein the left. The two marker bands above and below the pneumococcal PCRproducts are 2.036 Kb and 1.636 Kb long respectively. The 6A and 6Cyielded PCR products that were about 2 Kb and 1.8 Kb long respectively.

FIG. 6 presents a diagram of wchA, wciN, wciO region of the pneumococcalcapsule gene locus of isolates AAU9 (middle bar) and ST745 (bottom barin two pieces). For comparison, the top bar shows a diagram of wchA,wciN, wciO region of pneumococcal capsule gene locus based on CR931638(a GenBank entry). Genes wchA, wciN, and wciO are labeled above the topbar along with their lengths. Nucleotide sequence positions areindicated below the top bar and the sequence position 1 shown herecorresponds to the sequence position 4902 of CR931638. The ST745 strainsequence is 193 base pairs short and the shortage is shown as a gapbetween position 2398 and 2591.

FIG. 7A depicts the carbohydrate composition of capsular PS from 6A (toptwo panels) and 6C (6Aβ, bottom two panels) before and after periodatetreatment. The monosaccharides are identified in the top chromatogram.In this GLC analysis, a monosaccharide can produce multiple peaks withcharacteristic retention times and relative proportions. For instance,galactose should have three peaks: first peak (short), second peak(tallest), and third peak (intermediate). FIG. 7B shows normalized peakareas of each monosaccharide for 6A (grey bar) and 6C (6Aβ, black bar).The peak areas of all monosaccharides from each PS are normalized to thepeak area of the associated rhamnose. The 6C shows no galactose peaksbut shows twice as much glucose as 6A does.

FIG. 8A-FIG. 8D depicts the mass spectrum of the repeating units of 6A(FIG. 8A) and 6C (FIG. 8B, labeled 6Aβ) and their daughter ions (FIG. 8Cand FIG. 8D, respectively). Mass to charge ratio (m/z) was rounded offto two decimal points.

FIG. 9A-FIG. 9C shows the mass spectrum of the repeating unit of 6C PSafter oxidation and reduction (FIG. 9A) and their daughter ions (FIG. 9Band FIG. 9C). The sample used for FIG. 9B was reduced with NaBH₄ andthat for FIG. 9C was reduced with NaBD₄. Mass to charge ratio (m/z) wasrounded off to two decimal points. R1 and R2 (in FIG. 9B and FIG. 9C)indicate that the peaks correspond to ions derived by reversefragmentations. Numbers following the delta symbol indicate the m/z unitdifferences between the peaks and associated with the names of thefragments. All the peaks in FIG. 9C correspond to the peaks in FIG. 9Bexcept for a peak at 136.98, which was not reproduced in FIG. 9B and maybe a contaminant.

FIG. 10A-10F presents the proposed chemical structures of 6C capsularpolysaccharide and the structure of its cleavage products. Proposedstructure of the 6C repeating unit is shown in FIG. 10C. FIG. 10A andFIG. 10B shows possible molecular ions if the phosphate group isattached to ribitol and if the phosphodiester is linked to the secondcarbon of glucose 1. FIG. 10D, FIG. 10E, and FIG. 10F indicate potentialcleavage patterns of the repeating unit if the phosphodiester is linkedto the second (FIG. 10D), the fourth (FIG. 10E), or the sixth carbon(FIG. 10F) of glucose 1. Hydrated forms are shown and the residuesinvolved in hydration are shown in parentheses. Periodate sensitivesites are shown in bold and cleavage products are shown in FIG. 10A andFIG. 10F. Potential molecular ions are shown with dotted lines witharrows along with their atomic mass units. Gx and Gy are potentialglucose 1 fragments and Rx is the remaining ribose fragment afteroxidation and reduction reactions. Their atomic mass units are shown inparenthesis.

FIG. 11. This figure depicts the wciN region exchange experimentdiagram:

In step A, wchA/wciNα/wciO-P region of TIGR6A4 was replaced withCassette 1. Cassette 1 has three parts (central core and two flankingregions) and each part is about 1 kb long. The central core hasantibiotic susceptibility genes, kanR and rpsL⁺. The two flankingregions were made with wchA and wciO-P regions from AAU33 strain. Instep B, Cassette 1 in TIGR6AX was replaced with Cassette 2. Cassette 2has wciNβ gene, wchA and wciO-P regions from a 6C strain (CHPA388,regions labeled Aβ). TIGR6C4 shows the final product that is obtainedafter Cassette 2 is inserted. XbaI and BamHI sites in the PCR primers,which were introduced to simplify genetic manipulations, are shown.

FIG. 12 shows the electrophoresis pattern of the PCR products of wciNregion of 6A and 6C isolates. Primers used for the PCR were 5106 and3101, which are located in wchA and wciO genes respectively. Lanesmarked M has DNA ladders. Standard markers with 2000 and 1650 bps wereindicated in the left. Lanes 1-13 contain PCR products of 6C isolates,which are CHPA37 (lane 1), CHPA388 (lane 2), BG2197 (lane 3), BZ17 (lane4), BZ39 (lane 5), BZ86 (lane 6), BZ650 (lane 7), KK177 (lane 8), CH66(lane 9), CH158 (lane 10), CH199 (lane 11), MX-67 (lane 12), and ACA-C21(lane 13). Lanes 14-18 contain PCR products of 6A isolates, which areCHPA67 (lane 14), CHPA78 (lane 15), BZ652 (lane 16), KK58 (lane 17) andAAU33 (lane 18).

FIG. 13 presents the nucleotide sequence of wciNβ (sometimes referred toas wciN6C) ORF along with the nucleotide sequences of the 3′ end of wchAand the 5′ end of wciO genes. The potential amino acid sequence of wciNβORF (SEQ ID NO:45) is shown below the nucleotide sequence (SEQ IDNO:44). Also shown are putative termination sites of wchA and wciNβ aswell as putative initiation sites of wciNβ and wciO genes. The wciO genehas two potential initiation sites.

FIG. 14 shows the DNA sequences of wciNα and wciNβ regions of a 6Astrain (GenBank CR931638) (bases 931-1430: SEQ ID NO:47; bases2523-3223: SEQ ID NO:49) and a 6C strain (CHPA388) (bases 931-1430: SEQID NO:46; bases 2130-3330: SEQ ID NO:48). The sequence of thenon-homologous mid-region of wciN (about 900-1110 bases) is not shown.Sites of PCR primers (5106, 3101, 5114, and 3113) are shown. Also shownare potential termination sites of wchA and wciNβ; and potentialinitiation sites of wciNβ and wciO.

FIG. 15 presents the genetic map of the capsule gene loci surroundingthe wciN gene of 6A and 6C isolates. The map shows wchA (hatched), wciN(horizontal bars or black), wciO (checkered), and wciP (wavy) genes. The6A locus has two unexpressed DNA fragments (indicated with arrows) inthe upstream of (95 bases long) or downstream (312 bases long) to thewciNα (sometime referred to as wciN_(6A)) gene. An alternativeinitiation site for wciO gene is 32 bases upstream to the initiationsite shown (position 2721 for 6A). For 6C isolates, old DNA (1222 bases,region with horizontal bars) in wciNα region is replaced with a new DNA(1029 bases, black region). The replacement creates a new ORF (namedwciNβ) that has 1125 bases.

FIG. 16A-FIG. 16D presents the DNA sequence of the 6C serotype (isolateCHPA388) capsule gene locus (SEQ ID NO:50).

FIG. 17 indicates the chemical structure of the polysaccharide repeatingunits of pneumococcal serotypes 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D.

FIG. 18 depicts the capsule gene loci of 6A (GenBank CR931638) and 6Cserotypes (strain CHPA388). All open reading frames (ORFs) involved inthe capsule synthesis are shown as horizontal arrows, and theirdirection indicates the transcriptional orientation. For both the 6A and6C loci, the putative transcription initiation sites (bent arrow) andputative termination sites (vertical line with a solid circle) areidentified using fgenesB, BPROM and FindTerm (Softberry Inc.) availableat the molquest website. Transposase sequences (black boxes, labeled“tnp”) are found at both ends of the capsule gene locus. The two capsulegene loci have strikingly different wciN genes (indicated with circles).The wciN gene of 6A (and 6B) serotype is labeled as wciNα and the wciNof 6C is labeled as wciNβ.

FIG. 19 is a schematic showing the creation of a 6D strain using wciNβgene exchange. The target DNA of Cassette 3 contains thekanamycin-resistance (kanA^(R)) (sometimes referred to as kan^(R)) andstreptomycin-sensitivity (rpsL⁺) genes of the Janus cassette. The twoflanking regions of Cassette 3 have the wchA and wciO-P genes from a 6Bstrain (strain DS2212-94), which was obtained by PCR using the primerpairs described in the figure. The three DNA fragments in Cassette 3were then linked together by digestion with the restriction enzymes,followed by ligation with T4 DNA ligase (New England BioLabs, Beverly,Mass.). The ligation product was then amplified by PCR using primers5113 and 3102. Cassette 2 was prepared by PCR of CHPA388 (a 6C strain,GenBank Access No. EF538714: 6522.7646) DNA using primers 5113 and 3102.

FIG. 20A-FIG. 20C shows the binding of monoclonal antibodies to 6BPS-coated ELISA plates (Y-axis) in the presence of varying dilutions ofbacterial supernatants containing different capsular PS (X-axis). Thenames of the monoclonal antibodies used for each experiment areindicated at the top of each panel. TIGR6A, TIGR6B (or TIGR6B4), TGR6C,and TIGR6D, respectively, produce 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D capsular PS. Thestrains were prepared by replacing the capsule locus of TIGR4 with thecapsule locus of serotype 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D, respectively. TIGR6BX (or“TIGR6B-JS”) indicates a variant of TIGR6B without the wciN gene.

FIG. 21A-FIG. 21C provide structural analysis of the 6D PS. FIG. 21Ashows the structure of the hydrated form of the repeating unit of 6Dcapsular PS. The calculated molecular weight is 701 AMU. FIG. 21B showsMass spectrum of the repeating units. The peaks at 683.3 m/z and 701.3m/z respectively correspond to the anhydrous and hydrated forms of therepeating units. FIG. 21C shows the daughter ions of the ion with 683.3AMU shown in FIG. 21B. Daughter ions are identified at the bottom ofFIG. 21C. The peaks with 270.825, 574.758, and 632.756 AMUs and theirsatellite peaks (separated by 2 AMUs due to chloride isotopes) representsodium chloride salt clusters. The peaks at 270.825 represents(NaCl)₄Cl⁻. Peaks at 574.758 AMU probably represent another saltcluster, (NaCl)₉Cl⁻, with a water molecule, like salt clusters withorganic solvent molecules. The peaks at 632.7 have one more NaCl (i.e.,58 AMUs) than the peaks at 574.758 AMU.

FIG. 22 depicts the ability of various capsular PS (2 mg/ml) to inhibitbinding of mAb to ELISA plates (Y-axis) after the PS was hydrolyzed forvarious time periods (X-axis). “Titers” indicate the dilution of asample necessary to inhibit the binding by 50%. For 6A and 6C PSs, ELISAplates are coated with 6A PS and mAb Hyp6AG1 is used. For 6B and 6D PSs,ELISA plates are coated with 6B PS and mAb Hyp6BM8 is used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It should be understood that this invention is not limited to theparticular methodology, protocols, and reagents, etc., described hereinand as such may vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit thescope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the claims.

As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and“the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. Thus, for example, the reference to an antibody is areference to one or more such antibodies, including equivalents thereofknown to those skilled in the art. Other than in the operating examples,or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood asmodified in all instances by the term “about.” All patents and otherpublications identified are expressly incorporated herein by referencefor the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, themethodologies described in such publications that might be used inconnection with the present invention. These publications are providedsolely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the presentapplication. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admissionthat the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure byvirtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as tothe date or representation as to the contents of these documents isbased on the information available to the applicants and does notconstitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contentsof these documents.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as those commonly understood to one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although any knownmethods, devices, and materials may be used in the practice or testingof the invention, the methods, devices, and materials in this regard aredescribed here.

The present invention provides for Streptococcus pneumoniae with a novelpolysaccharide capsule layer. Briefly, serogroup 6 of S. pneumoniaeincludes two serotypes named 6A and 6B with highly homologous capsulegene loci. Recently, and as described herein, serotype 6C wasidentified. The 6A and 6B capsule gene loci consistently differ fromeach other by one nucleotide in the wciP gene. Additionally, the 6Acapsule gene locus has a galactosyl transferase, but the 6C capsule genelocus has a glucosyl transferase. The present invention provides for anew serotype named “6D”, the in which the galactosyl transferase of the6B capsule gene locus has been replaced with the glucosyl transferase of6C. The gene transfer yields a viable pneumococcal strain, and thecapsular polysaccharide from this strain has the predicted chemicalstructure and serologic similarity to the capsular polysaccharide of the6B serotype. The new strain (i.e., serotype 6D) is typed as 6B byquellung reaction, but it can be distinguished from 6B strains withmonoclonal antibodies to 6B polysaccharides. Reexamination of 264pneumococcal isolates that were previously typed as 6B with classicaltyping methods revealed no isolates expressing serotype 6D.

The novel 6D isolate provided for herein has a chemically distinctcapsular polysaccharide (PS) structure. More specifically, the repeatingunits of the 6D PS apparently contain one ribitol, one rhamnose, and twoglucose moieties. This is the same content as serotype 6C, however thechemical linkages of the carbohydrate moities is different in theseserotypes. Further, the distinct chemical structure of the PSs areantigenically distinct. Serotype 6D thus represents the 92ndpneumococcal serotype, with 90 pneumococcal serotypes having beenpreviously recognized, (Henrichsen, 33 J. Clin. Microbiol. 2759-62(1995)), and the 6C serotype representing the 91st serotype.

Importantly, the novel 6D serotype provided for herein offers animportant alternative PS for vaccine development. More specifically, thecurrent pneumococcal vaccines contain 6B PS rather than 6A PS because,in part, 6A PS was not stable enough in vaccine preparations. Thischemical instability was due to the 1→3 linkage between rhamnose andribitol in the 6A PS. Because the 1→4 linkage of 6B PS is more stablethan the 1→3 linkage of 6A PS, 6B PS is more stable than 6A PS. The 6Clinkage, provided for herein, has the more unstable 1→3 linkage whereasthe 6D PS has the more stable 1→4 linkage. Thus, 6D PS may prove evenmore useful in a vaccine than 6C PS.

Regarding the importance of vaccine, S. pneumoniae is a well known humanpathogen and a major etiologic agent for pneumonia, meningitis, otitismedia as well as sepsis, primarily among young children and olderadults. Fedson, VACCINES, 271-99 (Plotkin & Mortimer eds., W.B. SaundersCo., Philadelphia, Pa., 1988). The most prominent virulence factor ofpneumococcus is the capsular polysaccharide (PS), which coats thesurface of the bacterium to block antibodies and complement from bindingto surface moieties and being recognized by phagocytic cells. Avery &Dubos, 54 J. Exp. Med. 73-89 (1931). More specifically, the capsuleinterferes with phagocytosis by preventing C3b opsonization of thebacterial cells. Anti-pneumococcal vaccines are based on formulations ofvarious capsular (polysaccharide) antigens derived from thehighly-prevalent strains.

S. pneumoniae has been divided into 91 serotypes based on its expressionof serologically distinct chemistry of the PS capsules. Henrichsen,1995; Park et al., 45 J. Clin. Microbiol. 1225-33 (2007). Antibodiesagainst the PS provide serotype-specific protection from infection, andcurrent vaccines against pneumococcus incorporate capsular PS of themost prevalent strains. Cole, 61 JAMA, 663-66 (1913). Serogroup 6strains are very common in invasive pneumococcal disease and the currentvaccines are formulated to protect against serogroup 6 infections.Hausdorff et al., 30 Clin. Infect. Dis. 100-21 (2000).

Accurate efficient serotyping pneumococcal isolates is important formeasuring the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines. Following theintroduction of a new pneumococcal vaccine, pneumococci expressing theserotypes included in the vaccine become less common while theprevalence of the pneumococci expressing non-vaccine types may stay thesame. In some cases, pneumococci expressing the non-vaccine typesreplace those expressing the vaccine serotypes and the prevalence ofnon-vaccine types may become higher. Pelton, 19(1) Vaccine S96-S99(2000). Further, the prevalence of serotypes can change over time forunknown reasons. Finland & Barnes, 5 J. Clin. Microbiol. 154-66 (1977).Because these changes influence the clinical effectiveness of a vaccine,serotyping of a large number of pneumococcal isolates is an importantpart of monitoring pneumococcal vaccines.

Moreover, regarding S. pneumoniae serotype 6A, current vaccineformulations do not carry a 6A PS, but carry the 6B PS, and theantibodies raised against 6B are thought to cross react against 6A. Thisphenomenon, is not 100%, however: Some vaccines that include the 6B PSdo not raise antibodies against 6A. Yu et al., 180(5) J. Infect. Dis.1569-76 (1999). Indeed, it appears that non-vaccine serotypes such as 6Aare still causing disease in vaccinated children. Clover & Klein,Strategies for Prevention & Treatment of Pneumococcal Disease, 44th Ann.ICAAC Meeting (Washington, DC, 2004). Hence, the emergence of additionalgroup 6 serotypes may become even more important.

Further, the 6A and 6B serotypes account for 4.7% and 7%, respectively,of invasive pneumococcal diseases. Robbins et al., 148 J. Infect. Dis.1136-59 (1983). Biochemical studies found that serotypes 6A and 6B PSinclude linear polymers of a repeating unit containing fourmonosaccharides: rhamnose, ribitol, galactose, and glucose. Kamerling,in S. pneumoniae: MOLECULAR BIO. & MECHANISMS OF DIS. 81-114 (Tomasz,ed., Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Larchmont, N.Y., 2000). As noted above, the6A PS has 1→3 rhamnose to ribitol linkage and the 6B PS has 1→4 rhamnoseto ribitol linkage. Id.

Although there are various serotyping methods well known in the art,they are largely manual, slow, and tedious to perform. An improvedserotyping “multibead assay”, based on a multiplexed immunoassay thatcan be performed semi-automatically with a flow cytometer has beendescribed. Park et al., 7 Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 486-89 (2000). Themultibead assay's specificity has been fully established usingpneumococcal strains representing all ninety known serotypes. Yu et al.,43(1) J. Clin. Microbiol. 156-62 (2005). This assay provides superiorspecificity, using many mAbs specific for pneumococcal capsular PS, andis largely automated and can provide a high throughput. Consequently,the assay may be useful in many epidemiologic studies.

The multibead assay is particularly advantageous because monoclonalantibodies are more specific than polyclonal reagents. Regarding 6Aserotypes, although most “6A” isolates (defined by quellung reaction andpolyclonal reagents) reacted with 6A-specific monoclonal antibodies(Hyp6AG1, Hyp6AM6, and Hyp6AM3), some “6A” isolates reacted with one mAb(Hyp6AG1) but not others (Hyp6AM6 or Hyp6AM3). Other tests describedherein confirmed that the 6A isolates that did not react with Hyp6AM6 orHyp6AM3 were a previously unidentified 6A subtype. In other words, themonoclonal antibodies recognized subtypes within the 6A serotype. SeeLin et al., 44(2) J. Clin. Microbiol. 383-88 (2006). Initially, theisolates reacting with both mAbs were identified as 6Aa and thosereacting with only Hyp6AG1 were labeled as 6Aβ, but subsequently, butsubsequently it was proposed that the 6Aa remain 6A, and the newserotype be identified as 6C rather than 6Aβ. Id.; Park et al., 45 J.Clin. Microbiol. 1225-33 (2007). Thus both 6Aβ and 6C may be used hereinand are equivalent. Monoclonal antibodies useful for identifying 6Dinclude those designated Ab Hyp6BM6, mAb Hyp6BM7, and mAb Hyp6BM8.

Further regarding 6C, a consideration in defining a new serotype is itsbinding characteristics with human antibodies. The various 6A, 6C, and6B isolates were compared using an opsonization assay and a human serumwith a high level of anti-6B antibodies. Although the human serumopsonized 6B and 6A (FIG. 2), it did not opsonize seven different 6Cisolates from Brazil, Korea, and the U.S. (FIG. 2), indicating that 6Cisolates display distinct but uniform serological characteristics.

Genetic studies report that pneumococci expressing either 6A or 6Bserotype have almost identical capsule gene locus (CGL) of about 17.5Kbin size. Sequence information is available on-line at, for example, theSanger Institute's Sequencing Genomics Projects site. A consistentdifference exists in the wciP gene that encodes for rhamonosyltransferase. Mavroidi et al., 186 J. Bacteriol. 8181-92 (2004). Theserotype 6A wciP gene encodes serine at residue 195 but the serotype 6Bgene encodes asparagine at that residue. Id.

Genetic studies also confirmed that the 6C isolates were, indeed,members of the 6A serotype (rather than the closely related 6B serotypeor some other unrelated serotype). In a study of ten isolates collectedfrom Brazil, Korea, and the U.S., all ten isolates identified as 6C hadthe serine at residue 195, consistent with the wciP gene in serotype 6A.DNA sequences of the wciP gene of several pneumococcal isolates arepresented in FIG. 4. The genetic sequences of transferase genes wciN andwciO were also compared. When wciN region was examined by PCR usingprimers 5016 and 3101, all nine 6A isolates examined yielded about 200base pair (bp) longer product than did all six 6C isolates (from Korea,U.S., and Brazil) examined (FIG. 5).

The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products from one 6A isolate (AAU9)and one 6C isolate (ST745) were compared (FIG. 14). All the basesbetween positions 1203 to 2959 (1757 bases) in AAU9 PCR product weresequenced and found to be homologous to CR931638, which is the capsulelocus sequence of a 6A isolate reported in the GenBank database. Incontrast, the ST745 (6C) sequence was found to be almost identical tothat of 6A up to position 1368, and then again starting from position2591. The intervening 1029 bp sequence (from 1369 to 2397) is quitedifferent from that of 6A. The intervening sequence contains about 98 bpthat is similar to a transferase (EpsG) used for polysaccharidesynthesis by S. thermophilus.

Note that the capsule gene locus of 6C is very similar to the 6A locusexcept for the wciN gene: 6A strains have the wciNα gene, but 6C strainshave the wciNβ gene. The two genes differ in sizes, thus 6A and 6Cserotypes can be readily distinguished by PCR. The wciNα gene encodesWCINα with 314 amino acids, while the wciNβ gene produces a 1125base-long ORF and its product, WCINβ has 374 amino acids. Additionally,these two proteins have little homology at the amino acid level.

Sequences of the putative wciN gene products suggest their glycosyltransferase functions. WCINβ has similarity to the staphylococcal capHgene product and has a 160-amino acid-long transferase domain thatbelongs to glycosyl transferase group 1 family. In contrast, WCINαbelongs to glycosyl transferase family 8 (ex), which includes manygalactosyl transferases. Campbell et al., 326 Biochem. J. 929-39 (1997).The present studies show that wciN is responsible for the differencebetween the 6A and 6C bacteria, as substitution of wciN6C (wciN of 6C)for wciN6A (wciN of 6A) through homologous recombination appears to havecaused the serotype switch from 6A to 6C. Park et al., 75 Infect. Immun.4482-89 (2007). Indeed, a 6A strain can be converted to a 6C strain byreplacing the wciNα gene with the wciNβ gene.

Interestingly, the galactose/glucose exchange observed for 6A and 6C isfound for other pneumococcal serotypes. The 9L serotype PS ofpneumococcus has a galactose molecule, but 9N PS has a glucose molecule.The capsule gene loci of the 9L and 9N serotypes resemble each other butdiffer in one gene, wcjA, which encodes a galactosyl transferase for 9Land a glucosyl transferase for 9N. The wcjA genes of the 9L and 9Nserotypes are very similar; it is likely that one arose from the otherby mutation.

In contrast, the wciNα and wciNβ genes are very different, and the wciNβgene is not homologous to any other pneumococcal genes available indatabases. Perhaps, the wciNβ gene may have originated from an organismother than pneumococci, a notion supported by the wciNβ gene's twoflanking regions which may have participated in homologous recombinationand which are known to be critical for homologous recombination inpneumococci. Prudhomme et al., 99 P.N.A.S. USA 2100-05 (2002).Additionally, studies of antibiotic-resistance genes have shownhorizontal gene transfers between S. pneumoniae and another bacterialspecies. See, e.g., Feil et al., 151(6) Res. Microbiol. 465-69 (2000);Muller-Graf et al., 145(11) Microbiol. 3283-93 (1999); Coffey et al.,5(9) Mol. 2255-60 (1991).

Additionally, a part of the wciNβ gene is similar (81% homology) to theEpsG gene, a gene involved in the synthesis of exopolysaccharide by S.thermophilus. The homology is found for only a very short piece of DNA,however, thus, S. thermophilus may not be the source for wciNβ. Theprotein sequence of WCINβ resembles the waaG (rfaG) gene product of E.coli K-12 strain and some pneumococcal genes may have come fromGram-negative organisms. Thus, it is possible that the wciNβ gene couldhave come from a Gram-negative species as well. Nevertheless, S.salivarius, S. mitis, and S. oralis are the leading candidates becausethey co-exist in the oral cavity with pneumococci and manyantibiotic-resistance genes have been linked to S. oralis.

When the wciNβ region was examined for multiple 6C isolates, theircross-over points and flanking region sequences were found to beidentical. Also, their capsule gene locus profiles are highly limited to9-10-1 in contrast to 6A isolates, which have many different capsulegene locus profiles. Mavroidi et al., 2004. In addition, the 9-10-1capsule gene profile is unusual among, and largely segregated from, thecapsule gene profiles of the 6A and 6B isolates, findings indicatingthat the capture of the wciNβ gene must have taken place, and that allthe 6C isolates found through out the world, and causing many types ofdiseases have the capsule gene locus from the single bacterium thatoriginally became 6C. Because 6C may provide a unique and clear exampleof foreign gene capture, it would be a good model for studying bacterialgenetic evolution. This may also constitute a stable change, unlikeantibiotic resistance genes.

The 6C serotype has only one or two capsule gene locus profile(s)whereas the 6A and 6B serotypes have diverse capsule gene locusprofiles. Mavroidi et al., 2004. Thus, the 6C capsule gene locus mayhave appeared much more recently compared with the 6A or 6B capsule geneloci. Although 6C may have appeared more than twenty-seven years ago,these findings suggest the 6C serotype capsule gene locus appeared“recently” in one place and spread quickly through out the world. When agene provides strong survival advantage, the gene can spread quicklythroughout the world. For example, an antibiotic-resistance gene mayspread worldwide within only years. Perhaps natural human antibodies areless effective against 6C than against 6A or 6B. Whether the 6C capsulegene locus provides more survival advantage than 6A or 6B may beinvestigated.

MLST studies show that 6C expresses multiple independent STs, thus the6C capsule gene locus must have been exchanged among differentpneumococcal isolates. Whether the 6C capsule gene locus may combinewith a ST that provides additional survival advantages may beinvestigated. The spread of 6C and the emergence of the 6C capsule locusamong international strains that have multiple resistance genes shouldbe monitored.

As noted above, the 6C pneumococcal isolate has a chemically distinct PSstructure. More specifically, monosaccharide analysis indicated that thegalactose found in the 6A capsular PS is absent in the 6C PS, whichcontains glucose instead. The repeating units of the 6C PS apparentlycontain one ribitol, one rhamnose, and two glucose moieties. Serotype 6Cis the third member of serogroup 6 in view of its serological andstructural relation to serotype 6A, and represents the 91st pneumococcalserotype.

Galactose and glucose molecules differ only in the orientation of thehydroxyl group attached to their fourth carbon, and the repeating unitsof 6A and 6C PS differ only in the orientation of one hydroxyl group.This small structural difference explains why 6C was not identifiedpreviously with polyclonal antisera. With the elucidation of thechemical structure, 6C can be distinguished biochemically from 6A bycarbohydrate composition analysis or by simple proton NMR of anomericprotons. Abeygunawardana et al., 279 Anal. Biochem. 226-40 (2000).Although 6A NMR and 6C NMR patterns do differ, the NMR pattern of theanomeric protons of 6C is very similar to that of 6A. Although chemicaland genetic tests can be used, serological methods may be the mostuseful way to identify 6C using either monoclonal antibodies orpolyclonal antisera made specific by absorption.

Serogroup 6 has been known to contain three epitopes: 6a, 6b, and 6c.Henrichsen, 1995. Epitope 6a is known to be present in both serotypes 6Aand 6B whereas epitopes 6b and 6c are found only in either serotype 6Aor 6B, respectively. Discovery of the 6C serotype indicates the presenceof additional epitopes within serogroup 6. The mAb Hyp6AM3, whichrecognizes 6A and 6B but not 6C, should recognize epitope 6b. BecausemAb Hyp6AG1 recognizes 6A and 6C, it may be defined as recognizing a newepitope “6d”. Another mAb binding to all three serotypes (6A, 6B, and6C) and the shared epitope may be defined as “6e”. Aconfirmation-dependent epitope for serotypes 6A and 6B has also beendescribed. Sun et al., 69 Infect. Immun. 336-44 (2001). The observationof so many epitopes for serogroup 6 is consistent with a previousobservation that even a simple linear homopolymer of sialic acid canhave at least three epitopes. Rubenstein & Stein, 141 J. Immunol.4357-62 (1988). Indeed, pneumococcal PS have many more epitopes thanpreviously defined (Henrichsen, 1995), and that the presence of manyepitopes increases chances of altering epitopes during the manufactureof pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

The discovery of serotype 6C was quite unexpected because serogroup 6has been extensively studied following its discovery in 1929.Heidelberger & Rebers, 1960. One should therefore consider thepossibility that additional subtypes (or serotypes) are present amongeven well-established and extensively characterized serogroups. Forinstance, one may need to consider the possible presence of subtypesamong serotype 19A because two chemical structures for the 19A capsularPS have been reported. Kamerling, Pneumococcal polysaccharides: achemical view, in MOL. BIOL. & MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 81-114 (Mary AnnLiebert, Larchmont, 2000). If 19A subtypes are found, their presence mayexplain the rapid increase in the prevalence of serotype “19A” seenafter the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pai etal., 192 J. Infect. Dis. 1988-95 (2005). In addition, one shouldconsider the possibility that 6C may have arisen recently. Consistentwith this possibility, the genetic studies suggest that the 6C serotypecapsule gene locus is not as diverse (Lin et al., 44 J. Clin. Micro.383-(1988)), as is the 6A locus (Mavroidi et al., 2004). It would beinteresting to investigate the origin and spread of 6C strains bystudying pneumococcal isolates obtained a long time ago (perhaps 50-100years ago).

The discovery of 6C increases the evolutionary potential of serogroup 6capsule gene locus by the logical possibility for a new member ofserogroup 6. The new member provided for herein, labeled “6D”, comprisesthe wciP of 6B and wciN_(6c). Chemically, the 6D PS has a glucoseinstead of galactose, and has a 1→4 rhamnose-ribitol linkage. It wasunclear, before the present invention, if this novel serotype existed ormight emerge in nature. Therefore, the serotype 6D strain was used toexamine a laboratory collection of pneumococcal isolates for a 6Dstrain.

The 6C serotype is also useful to monitor vaccine efficacy: The 6A and6C serotypes must be distinguished in epidemiological studies involvingpneumococcal vaccines and in studies of pneumococcal vaccine efficacy.For example, if a pneumococcal vaccine is effective against 6A but not6C, the vaccine may not be effective in areas where the 6C serotype isprevalent. This would be the case because pneumococcal vaccines elicitantibodies opsonizing 6C only occasionally. Also, usage of conventionalpneumococcal vaccines may well alter the prevalence of 6C: theprevalence of 6C may increase although the prevalence of 6A decreases.Preliminary data shown below suggests that 6C prevalence is unchangedwhereas 6A prevalence has decreased with the use of conjugate vaccinessince 2000. Without distinguishing between the serotypes, it may bedifficult to deploy a vaccine or assess its efficacy. At present, thenew serotypes can be identified by the antibodies as disclosed herein,but additional genetic and biochemical tests may be devised and areenvisioned by the present invention.

Moreover, the prevalence of the 6C serotype or the emergence of the 6Dserotype should be monitored globally, providing valuable information onthe emergence of new pneumococci in areas with and without pneumococcalvaccine distribution. The 6C serotype has also been identified inBrazil, Canada, China, Korea, Mexico, Europe (Hermans et al., 26 Vaccine449-50 (2008)), and the U.S.

To that end, the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention areuseful in identifying the 6C serotype. To wit, both 6A and 6C areidentified by the mAb Hyp6AG1, but the 6C serotype does not react withthe mAb Hyp6AM6 or mAb Hyp6AM3. Hence, Hyp6AM6 or Hyp6AM3 may be used asa negative control from which 6A and 6C can be identified. Using thesemonoclonal antibodies, the prevalence of 6A and 6C among the U.S.pneumococcal isolates submitted to the CDC were analyzed. Approximatelythe same number of pneumococcal isolates were submitted to the CDC from1999 to 2006. Specimens typed as “6A” by the old method were reanalyzedusing the monoclonal antibodies described herein. Almost all the “6A”specimens received in 1999, 2003, and 2004 were reanalyzed. Only afraction of the samples the CDC received in 2005 and 2006 werereanalyzed. As seen in the table, the prevalence of 6A decreased but theprevalence of 6C remained the same. This suggests that the currentlyavailable pneumococcal vaccine may not be effective against 6C.

1999 2003 2004 2005 2006 All ages 6A 169 132 51 16 16 6C 41 40 57 21 23

Serotype 6C has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collectionin accord with the Budapest Treaty.

The actual synthesis of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides requirescooperation among many different gene products. For instance, a newrepeating unit made by a new glycosyl transferase must be compatiblewith the existing flippase as well as polymerase before it can beexpressed as a new capsule. Thus, the new strain expressing serotype 6D(named TIGR6D) was produced by inserting wciN_(6C) into 6B capsule genelocus. This novel strain produces capsular polysaccharide with predictedstructure, it displays serological similarity to 6B, and it can grow aswell as other members of serogroup 6 in various growth conditions. Thusserotype 6D is possible not only logically but also biologically, and itcould exist in nature.

Just as 6C was previously typed as “6A” by the classical typing method(Lin et al., 2006; Park et al., 2007), the quellung reaction methodtyped the new 6D strain as serotype 6B. Thus, to identify naturalisolates expressing serotype 6D, isolates that were classically definedas 6B were re-examined using mAbs. Despite testing more than 250isolates that were previously typed as 6B, 6D isolates were not found toexist in nature. Additionally, wciN_(6c) was not detected among the CDCisolates that were serotyped as “6B” with the classical typing method.Thus, pneumococcal isolates expressing serotype 6D have not been foundto exist in nature. Alternatively, if serotype 6D exists in nature, itsprevalence is extremely low (<1% of the 6B prevalence).

Despite its apparent absence in nature, the 6D serotype could emerge innature by one of two possible mechanisms. One mechanism involves amutation of the wciP gene of 6C, because the only difference between 6Aand 6B serotype appears to be one nucleotide in the wciP gene. Themutation rate for pneumococci is ˜1×10⁻⁸ (del Campo et al., 43 J. Clin.Microbiol. 2207-14 (200); Fedson, 1988; Morosini et al., 47 Antimicrob.Agents. Chemother. 1464-67 (2003)), and a COPD patient with stablepneumonia may have 2.6×10⁸ CFU of pneumococci per mL of sputum. Sethi etal., 176 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 356-61 (2007). Thus, the correctmutation should arise in almost all cases of 6C pneumonia and often inother 6C infections with less bacterial load. The alternative mechanisminvolves the lateral gene transfer of wciN from a 6C strain into a 6Bstrain as provided for herein. The situation could actually occur innature because carriage of multiple pneumococcal serotypes can berelatively high among children (Gratten et al., 50 Biol. Neonate 114-20(1986); Hill et al., 46 Clin. Infect. Dis. 807-14 (2008)), and serotypes6B and 6C are fairly common in some parts of the world (e.g., Brazil)(Lin et al., 2006; Park et al., 2007). Further, homologous recombinationwould occur easily because the 17 kb of the capsule gene locus of 6B and6C are almost identical except for the wciN gene. These considerationsstrongly suggest that the circumstances for creating 6D serotype existin nature.

Given that the circumstances for creating 6D do exist in nature, it isinteresting to consider reasons for its absence. It is possible thatthere could be natural immune barriers against 6D, but apparentlypre-immune human sera do not kill or opsonize TIGR6D. Alternatively, the6C could have appeared so recently that there may not have been enoughtime for 6D to appear. Although it is difficult to estimate the physicaltime that would permit the appearance of 6D, 6C has existed for decadesand is found in several continents. The most likely explanation is thatthere has not been enough biological pressure for selecting 6D over 6A,6B, or 6C. In the absence of survival advantage, 6D serotype may haveappeared in nature (as it should in almost every case of a 6C infection,as mentioned above) but was not propagated due to competition with moreabundant 6A, 6B, or 6C serotypes. In an analogous manner, antibioticresistant strains survive and propagate when antibiotics are clinicallyused and they disappear when antibiotics are discontinued. See Katsunumaet al., 102 J. Appl. Microbiol. 1159-66 (2007)

The 6A PS was included in the original 14-valent PS vaccine, but it wasreplaced with 6B PS when the 23-valent vaccine became available in 1983because, inter alia, 6B PS is greatly more resistant to hydrolyticbreakdowns than 6A PS. Zon et al., 37 Infect. & Immun. 89-103 (1982).The work provided herein shows that 6D PS is as chemically stable as 6BPS, and much more resistant to hydrolysis than 6C PS. Because 6D PSwould likely elicit antibodies cross-reactive with 6C PS, 6D may be moreuseful as a vaccine than 6C PS.

It is interesting to understand the evolution of the capsule gene locus,which encodes pneumococci's most important virulence factor. Even whenonly two serotypes were known, the evolution of serogroup 6 has beenextensively studied (Mavroidi et al., 2004; Robinson et al., 2002).Serogroup 6 has become more interesting following the discovery ofserotype 6C: now the serogroup is even more interesting for evolutionstudies with serotype 6D.

Moreover, although the currently available 23-valent pneumococcalvaccine contains 6B PS, the old 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine contained6A PS. The PS was replaced in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine because6A PS was not stable in vaccine preparations, and because 6B PS ofteninduced antibodies cross-reacting to 6A PS. Robbins et al., 1983.Investigations found that 6A's PS chemical instability was due to the1→3 linkage between rhamnose and ribitol. Zon et al., 1982. The 1→4linkage found in 6B PS is more stable than the 1→3 linkage of 6A PS. Theputative structure of 6D PS is identical to that of 6C PS except that 6CPS has the unstable 1→3 linkage whereas 6D PS has the more stable 1→4linkage. Thus, because of this stability, 6D PS may prove even moreuseful in a vaccine than 6C PS.

Importantly, the novel serotypes 6C and 6D provided herein may be usefulin a vaccine or in pneumococcal vaccine development. For example the 6DPS, a portion of that PS, or a mimetic of the PS may be incorporatedinto a pneumococcal vaccine. Conjugate vaccines comprising streptococcaland pneumococcal PS are well-known in the art. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,248,570; U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,135; U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,007. PSmimotopes, such as protein or peptide mimetics of polysaccharidemolecules, are also possible as alternative antigens or immunogens. See,e.g., Pincus et al., 160. J. Immunol. 293-98 (1998); Shin et al., 168 J.Immunol. 6273-78 (2002). Additionally, the proteins or nucleic acids of6C and/or 6D may serve as antigens or immunogens in vaccine or vaccinedevelopment using any number of techniques known in the art. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,252. One or more adjuvant agents may be included insuch vaccines. The delivery of pneumococcal vaccines, either byparenteral, mucosal, or other administration, and the design,monitoring, and dosing regimens of such vaccines, are well-known in theart.

Additionally, the 6C and 6D serotypes may be useful in vaccinedevelopment because the bacteria would be used as the target in anopsonization or ELISA assays using sera or antibodies raised by testvaccines. The antigens of the 6C and 6D serotypes may also be used toraise antibodies that might be used for passive protection. Such methodsare also well-known in the art.

Further, the identification of 6C and 6D provides for the production andisolation of anti-6C antibodies and anti-6D antibodies. These can beprepared by conventional means well known in the art in light of thecurrent specification. In this regard, the term antibodies includes bothintact immunoglobulin molecules as well as portions, fragments, peptidesand derivatives thereof, such as, for example, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv,CDR regions, or any portion or peptide sequence of an immunoglobulinmolecule that is capable of binding a 6C antigen, epitope, or mimotope,all of which may also be referred to as an “antigen binding molecule.”An antibody or antigen binding molecule is said to be “capable ofbinding” an antigen if it is capable of specifically reacting with theantigen to thereby bind the antigen to the antibody or antigen bindingmolecule. See, e.g., WO/US2006/014720; WO/US2006/015373.

The embodiments of the invention will now be described further bynon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of Pneumococcal Serotypes

Collection of pneumococcal lysates: The pneumococci serotype 6Aβ (SeeLin et al., 44 J. Clin. Micro. 383-88 (2006)) was isolated in a blindedstudy using 495 clinical isolates: Fifty isolates were from Mexico, 100from Denmark, and 345 from Brazil. Twenty-two isolates were fromasymptomatic carriers of pneumococci in the nasopharynx and 475 isolateswere from patients with invasive pneumococcal infections such asmeningitis and sepsis. In addition, control pneumococcal strainsexpressing serotypes 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, and 11F were purchased fromStatens Serum Institut (Copenhagen, Denmark).

Lysates of the clinical isolates were prepared in the country of origin.Three hundred microliters of Todd-Hewitt medium with 0.5% yeast extract(THY medium) was inoculated with a single colony of pneumococci. Afteran overnight incubation at 37° C., cells were lysed with 50 μl of lysingsolution (0.2% sodium deoxycholate, 0.02% SDS, 0.1% sodium azide, 0.3Msodium citrate, pH 7.8). In Brazil, 400 μl of THY medium was used forbacterial growth and 100 μl was removed to store the bacteria frozenbefore mixing the remaining 300 μl with 50 μl of lysing solution. InDenmark, 325 μl of THY medium and 25 μl of lysing solution were used.Bacteria were lysed by incubating the mixture at 37° C. The lysates werecoded and shipped to the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)laboratory for serotype testing by regular mail at ambient temperature.

To simplify the shipping of bacterial lysates from distant sites to UABfor the multibead assay, the stability of bacterial lysates was comparedafter storage at room temperature (RT) or 37° C. The work revealed thatbacterial lysates can be stored at RT for up to one month or at 37° C.for several days without affecting the results of the multibead assay.Thus, the regular postal mail system was used to ship all the lysates inthis study at ambient temperature without any thermal protection.

Serological Reagents: All the polyclonal serotyping sera were made inrabbits and were obtained from Statens Serum Institut. They includetwelve serum pools for serogrouping and various type- or factor-specificantisera. Sorensen, 31 J. Clin. Microbiol. 2097-2100 (1993). All themAbs were produced as described, and hybridoma culture supernatants wereused. Yu et al., 2005.

Multibead assay: This assay was performed as described using twodifferent sets of latex beads. Yu et al., 2005. One set of beads (Set 1)was a mixture of fourteen different latex beads, each coated with onepneumococcal PS antigen. The fourteen pneumococcal PS antigens wereserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F.Bead Set 2 was created by coating each of ten bead types with one of tendifferent pneumococcal PS (serotypes 2, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20,22F, and 33F).

Set 1 beads were mixed with either 5× or 20× diluted bacterial lysateand a mixture of mAbs specific for the pneumococcal capsular PScontained on the beads. After incubation and washing, the bead mixturewas reacted with fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulinantibody. Set 2 beads were used the same as Set 1 beads except that amixture of polyclonal rabbit antisera (Statens Serum Institut) andfluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibody were used.After incubation, the amount of fluorescence of each bead type wasdetermined with a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, Beckton Dickinson, SanJose Calif.). The fluorescence of each bead type was then used todetermine its serotype. Fluorescence inhibitions greater than 67% wereused as positives.

Neufeld's test: This assay was performed as described (Henrichsen, 33 J.Clin. Microbiol. 2759-62 (1995); Konradsen, 23 Vaccine 1368-73 (2005);Lund, 23 Bull.Wld Hlth Org. 5-13. (1960)) by the reference laboratoriesin Denmark, Brazil, and Mexico using standard serogrouping (Sorensen,1993) and serotyping rabbit antisera from Statens Serum Institut.

Dot blot assay: To investigate discrepant results, this assay wasperformed as described (Fenoll et al., 35 J. Clin. Micro. 764-76(1997)), using pneumococcal antisera from Statens Serum Institut to thefollowing serogroups/serotypes: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, and23. Monoclonal antibodies specific for 6A (Hyp6AM3) and 18C (Hyp18CM1)were also used in some cases. Briefly, heat-killed pneumococci grown inTHY medium were spotted on strips of nitrocellulose membranes. Afterdrying, the strips were blocked and washed. Strips were then incubatedin a diluted antiserum or mAb solution for 1 hour, washed and exposed toa diluted goat anti-rabbit or mouse immunoglobulin-peroxidase conjugate.After one hour incubation at room temperature, the strips were washedand exposed to 3-amino-9 ethylcarbazole solution. When the spotsappeared, the strips were washed and evaluated.

PCR reactions: Pneumococci were grown in THY medium to an OD of 0.8 at650 nm wavelength. Chromosomal DNA was prepared using the InvitrogenEASY-DNA kit and following the given instructions, beginning with a 4 mlsample of the THY-grown pneumococci concentrated to 1 ml (Invitrogen,Carlsbad, Calif.). For serogroup 6 determination, PCR was performedusing chromosomal DNA as template and primers wciP-up, 5′-ATG GTG AGAGAT ATT TGT CAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1) and wciP-down, 5′-AGC ATG ATG GTA TATAAG CC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:2). PCR thermocycling conditions were as describedin Mavroidi et al., 2004. A Qiagen PCR cleanup column (Qiagen, Valencia,Calif.) was used to remove excess primer from the PCR reactions and thePCR was submitted as DNA template for automated DNA sequencing using thewciP-up primer. Results were analyzed with the aid of the Sequencher(GeneCodes, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.) and the MacVector Sequence Analysis(Accelyrs, San Diego, Calif.).

For serotype 11A determination, PCR for a part of the capsule gene locuswas performed as described (Mavroidi et al., 2004), using chromosomalDNA as the template, 1 μl of forward primer (50 pmol), and 1 μl ofreverse primer (50 pmol). Primers were 11A forward, 5′-GGA CAT GTT CAGGTG ATT TCC CAA TAT AGT G-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) and 11A reverse 5′-GAT TATGAG TGT AAT TTA TTC CAA CTT CTC CC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4). PCR cycling beganwith 94° C. for 5 min, followed by thirty cycles of 94° C. for 1 min,50° C. for 1 min and 72° C. for 2 min, followed by a final extension of72° C. for 10 min. The PCR reaction products were analyzed by agarosegel electrophoresis (Tris-acetate buffer 0.8% agarose) to determine theamplicon size.

Study of fifty isolates from Mexico: The fifty isolates from Mexico weregrown in THY medium, lysed, and sent to UAB for typing. When themultibead assay results were compared with the Neufeld's test results,results from ten samples were discrepant. When new lysates of eight ofthe discrepant samples were obtained and re-examined in a blind fashion,all results matched, suggesting that the discrepancies were largely dueto mislabeling. Two isolates (MX24 and MX37) that were typed to beserotype 3 and 10A by the Neufeld's test were originally typed asnon-typeable (NT) by the multibead assay. Because the two serotypesshould have been identified by the multibead assay, the two bacterialisolates were sent to the UAB laboratory for further study. There theywere found to grow well in THY medium, with the new lysates producingresults matching the Neufeld's test results. Thus, the two isolates wereinitially falsely identified as negatives by multibead assay, mostlikely due to insufficient growth of pneumococci.

Study of 100 isolates from Denmark: When the multibead assay results ofone hundred Denmark isolates were compared with the Neufeld's testresults, four errors were found in transcribing the Neufeld's testresults and one strain (DK94) was typed as serotype 20 by the Neufeld'stest and as NT by the multibead assay (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Serotyping results with both serotyping assays and the finalresults after the investigations. Serotype^(#) Multibead Neufeld Finalresults  1 30 30 30  2  1  1 1  3 22 22 22  4 20 20 20  5 11 11 11  6A 16* 21 21  6B 24 24 24  7F/A 14 14 14  8 13 13 13  9V 18 18 18  9N/L 1212 12 10A/B/39/33C 12 12 12 11A/D/F  8* 10 9 12F/A/B 16 16 16 14 52 5252 15B/C 10 10 10 17F  6  6 6 18C 28  27* 28 19A 18 18 18 19F 26 26 2620   3**  4 4 22F/A  6  6 6 23F 19 19 19 33F/A  6  6 6 NT 104  97 97Total 495  495  495 ^(#)NT indicates non-typeable serotypes by themultibead assay. 7F/A means that the isolate may express either 7F or 7Aserotypes. 10A/B/39/33C indicates that the isolate may express serotype10A, 10B, 39 or 33C. *After additional studies of Brazilian isolates, itwas concluded that the multibead assay failed to identify five 6Astrains (with Hyp6AM3) and one 11A strain, and that Neufeld's testfailed to identify one 18C strain and falsely identified one strain as11A. **One Danish strain had high background signal and was not detectedduring the initial multibead assay.

When the DK94 isolate was re-grown in THY and re-examined, it producedalmost no inhibition (9%) at a 1:5 dilution, but it produced moreinhibition at higher dilutions (35% at a 1:20 dilution and 50% at a1:320 dilution). This unexpected behavior suggested the presence ofnon-specific binding material in the lysate of this specific isolate.When the PS in the lysate was precipitated with 70% ethanol and theethanol precipitate was examined with the multibead assay, theprecipitate produced a clear inhibition for serotype 20 (86% at a 1:5dilution and 81% at a 1:20 dilution). Thus, the initial discrepancy wasdue to non-specific binding, which was occasionally observed with theassays performed with polyclonal sera, and there is no intrinsic problemin assay sensitivity and specificity with clinical isolates.

Study of 345 samples from Brazil: When the results of 345 Brazilianisolates obtained with the two assay methods were compared, there werethirty-eight mismatches. When these thirty-eight samples werere-examined by investigating test records and retesting by Neufeld'stest in Brazil, seventeen of the mismatches could be explained as typingmistakes or sample misidentification. One of the seventeen mismatcheswas strain BZ652. This was initially typed as 18B, but was determined tobe 6A because it was typed as weakly 6A by Neufeld's test and was typedas serogroup 6 by the dot blot assay using the polyclonal antisera andmAb Hyp6AM3. When the twenty-one remaining mismatched samples wereregrown in THY medium and retested by multibead assay, the new resultsof thirteen isolates matched the Neufeld's test results. When theoriginal multibead assay results of the thirteen isolates werere-examined, three isolates produced weak and incomplete inhibitions(inhibitions were less than 67%) for the appropriate serotype in theoriginal multibead. Although twelve isolates were initially typed as NT,one isolate (BZ52) was initially typed as type 3. It was retyped as NTwith the second sample and the result became consistent with theNeufeld's test result (Table 1) (above).

After these re-examinations, eight discrepancies were reproducible andstill unexplained (Table 2 and Table 3): five isolates were typed as 6Aby the Neufeld's test but as NT by the multibead assay, two isolates(BZ435 and BZ705) were typed as 11A by the Neufeld's test but as NT bythe multibead assay, and one isolate (BZ438) was typed as NT by theNeufeld's test but as 18C by the multibead assay. By the Neufeld's test,BZ438 did not react with several lots of serogrouping Poolsera A and Q(Sorensen, 1993), which should react with serogroup 18 pneumococci. Italso did not react with several different lots of antisera specific forserogroup 18 or specific for factors 18c, 18d, 18e, and 18f. BZ438produced positive dot blot results, however, with a serogroup18-specific polyclonal serum or with mAb Hyp18CM1 (Yu et al., 2005).Thus, the BZ438 isolate was considered to be 18C.

Strains BZ435 and BZ705 were considered to be 11A by the Neufeld's testbut not 11A, 11D, or 11F by the multibead assay. Because the standardmultibead assay uses a polyclonal antiserum against serogroup 11 (Yu etal., 2005), the two strains were examined with two mAbs (Hyp11AM1 andHyp11AM2) that are specific for serotypes 11A, 11D, and 11F and thatwere recently produced in the UAB laboratory (Table 2). Interestingly,Hyp11AM1 recognizes BZ435 but not BZ705. Interestingly, Hyp11AM2recognized neither strain, suggesting heterogeneity among the strainsexpressing the 11A serotype. A PCR test produces 463 base pair amplimerswith strains for 11A, 11D, and 11F but not for 11B and 11C (Table 2).When both strains were tested by this PCR, BZ435 was positive, but BZ705was not. Although the Neufeld's test showed that both strains reactedwith antisera specific for factor 11c, the Neufeld's test also revealeddifferences between them: BZ435 but not BZ705 reacted with Poolserum T(Sorensen, 1993), with serogroup 11 antisera, or with 11f factor serum.BZ705 yielded ambiguous results for factor 11b expression and thissuggested that it could be serotype 11D. In a dot blot test forserogroup 11 using rabbit typing serum, however, BZ435 was positive butthat BZ705 was negative. Considering all of these results, it appearedthat BZ435 is an 11A strain and that BZ705 is not 11A, 11D, or 11F.BZ705 may belong to the 11C serotype since BZ705 expresses the 11cepitope (and reacts with 11c antisera) that is not expressed on 11Bstrains.

TABLE 2 Studies of two strains for the 11A serotype with Neufeld,multibead, PCR, and dot blot assays Multibead assay Neufeld's test withWith With With Dot blot assay Strains rabbit sera^(#) rabbit sera^(#)Hyp11AM1 Hyp11AM2 PCR with rabbit sera^(#) BZ435 11A − + − + + BZ705 11A* − − − − − Control Not tested + + + + Not tested Strain 11A ControlNot tested − − − − Not tested Strain 11B Control Not tested − − − − Nottested Strain 11C Control Not tested + + + + Not tested Strain 11DControl Not tested + + + + Not tested Strain 11F ^(#)All the rabbit serawere from Statens Serum Institut (Denmark). *In the Neufeld's test,BZ705 did not react with Poolserum T and factor serum 11f, but it didreact strongly with factor serum 11c and ambiguously with factor serum11b.

To investigate the remaining discrepant strains that were 6A, the DNAsequence of the wciP gene was examined. A recent study reported that thecapsular PS of 6A and 6B has repeating units with rhamnose linked toribitol. The linkage is 1-3 for 6A and 1-4 for 6B. The study found thatthe rhamnosyl transferase is likely encoded by the wciP gene in thecapsule locus, that wciP for 6A encodes serine at residue 195, and thatwciP for 6B encodes asparagine at residue 195 (Mavroidi et al., 2004).Also, wciP alleles 1, 2, 7, 9, and 11 are exclusively associated withserotype 6A, and alleles 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 are associated withserotype 6B. (Mavroidi et al., 2004).

Bacterial DNA was obtained from the five isolates labeled 6A as well asBZ652, which was considered to be only weakly 6A by the Neufeld's test.This DNA was amplified a part of the wciP gene by PCR, sequenced theamplicon, and examined the sequence (645 base pairs). Five samples wereamplified successfully, and their sequences were consistent with a 6Aserotype because they expressed alleles associated with the 6A serotype(Table 3) and expressed serine at amino acid residue 195. Compared tothe prototypic sequence of allele 2 wciP, the wciP sequence of BZ652 hasfive base pair changes with three potential amino acid replacements.Three isolates (BZ17, BZ39, and BZ86) express the identical wciP genesequence with one identical nucleotide variation from the prototypicsequence for allele #9 and may, therefore, be clonally related (Table3).

TABLE 3 Studies of six strains for 6A serotype with Neufeld, multibead,and PCR assays. Neufeld's test with Multibead assay polyclonal PCR forPolyclonal Names antisera wciP allele* Hyp6AM3 sera Hyp6AG1 BZ17 6A #9(1) NT 6A 6A BZ39 6A #9 (1) NT 6A 6A BZ86 6A #9 (1) NT 6A 6A BZ650 6A #1NT 6A 6A BZ652^(#) NT (6A)^($) #2 (5) 6A 6A 6A BZ1048 6A Not done NT 6A6A *The number in parentheses indicates the number of base pairsdifferent from the proband sequence (Mavroidi et al., 2004). BZ652 hasfive base pair differences that produce three amino acid differences.All these alleles express serine at amino acid residue 195. ^($)BZ652was initially typed as NT (non-typeable) but was typed as weakly 6A onre-examination.

Because the DNA study suggested that these isolates may belong to the 6Aserotype, these isolates were examined with the multibead assays usingpolyclonal antisera. All six isolates were typed as 6A (Table 3). Whenthey were typed with nineteen different 6A-specific mAbs in addition toHyp6AM3, one mAb (Hyp6AG1) identified the six isolates as 6A (Table 3).When Hyp6AG1 was used to retest forty-six 6A isolates (twenty-one fromthis study and twenty-four in the Univ. Alabama Birmingham laboratorycollection), it was found that this mAb identified all of them as 6A andthat it did not recognize any of the eighty-nine non-6A serotypes,including the forty-three isolates expressing the 6B serotype. Thus, itwas clear that all these six isolates are 6A and that Hyp6AG1 recognizesall 6A isolates. Also, mAb Hyp6AM3 recognizes a subset of 6A isolates,although that subset is very large.

Example 2 Pneumococcal Serotype 6C Isolates from Different Countrieshave the Molecular Characteristics Associated with 6A

As described above, Brazilian isolates that did not react with both mAbspreviously associated with serotype 6A were shown to belong to the 6Aserotype by examining the wciP allele. Thus, the inventors examined wciPgene of ten 6C isolates from geographically diverse locations. Brazilianisolates collected in 2003 and in 2004, USA isolates and one isolatefrom Korea were examined. The sequences clearly showed that all tenisolates have the genetic characteristics associated with 6A serotype.

Example 3 6C Isolates from Different Areas have Uniform SerologicalCharacteristics

To investigate serological characteristics of the 6C isolates in aquantitative manner, isolates were examined using an inhibition assay.The assay measured inhibition by bacterial lysates of various anti-6Aantibodies binding to 6A PS-coated ELISA plates. Briefly, the wells ofELISA plates (Corning Costar Corp., Acton, Mass.) were coated at 37° C.with 5 μg/mL of 6A capsular PS (a gift of G. Schiffman, Brooklyn, N.Y.)overnight in PBS. After washing the plates with PBS containing 0.05% ofTween 20, previously diluted bacterial culture supernatant (or lysates)was added to the wells along with an anti-6A antibody. Pneumococcallystates were prepared by growing pneumococci in 10 mL of Todd-Hewlettbroth supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract (THY) without shaking untilthe tubes became turbid and then incubating the tubes for 15 minutes at37° C. with a lysis buffer (0.1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.01% SDS, and0.15M sodium citrate in deionized water). Hyp6AG1 mAb was used at a1:250 dilution, and Hyp6AM3 mAb was used at 1:100 dilution. Pool Q andfactor “6b” rabbit antisera from Staten Serum Institute (Copenhagen, DK)were used at a 1:500 dilution. After thirty minutes of incubation in ahumid incubator at 37° C., the plates were washed and incubated for twohours with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig (Sigma,St. Louis, Mo.) or alkaline phosphatase-conjugated-goat anti-rabbit Ig(Biosource, Camarillo, Calif.). The amount of the enzyme immobilized tothe wells was determined with paranitrophenyl phosphate substrate(Sigma) in diethanolamine buffer. The optical density at 405 nm was readwith a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments Inc. Winooski, Vt.).

Because the qualitative nature of the quellung reaction may haveprevented detection of 6A subtypes, it was determined whether thesubtypes might be distinguishable with a quantitative assay using therabbit sera used for quellung reactions. This was determined by adaptingthe rabbit sera to an inhibition assay, in which pneumococcal lysateswere allowed to inhibit the binding of rabbit antisera to 6A PSimmobilized on ELISA plates (FIG. 1). As a control, pneumococcal lysateswere tested for inhibition of the two mAbs: Hyp6AG1 and Hyp6AM3 (FIGS.1A and 1B). Lysates of three 6Aα isolates (CHPA378 from the U.S.A., KK58from Korea, and ST558 from Brazil) inhibited both mAbs, and lysates oftwo 6B isolates (strains ST400 and ST518 from Brazil) inhibited neithermAb (FIGS. 1A and 1B). Three lysates of 6C isolates (including strainsBZ17 and BZ650 from Brazil) clearly inhibited the binding of Hyp6AG1,even at a 1:1000 dilution (FIG. 1A). They showed almost no inhibition,however, of Hyp6AM3, even at a 1:10 dilution (FIG. 1B).

When the pneumococcal lysates were examined for inhibiting Pool Q (arabbit antiserum often used for serotyping (Sorensen, 31 J. Clin.Microbiol. 2097-2100 (1993)), both lysates of 6A and 6C could inhibitequally well, but the 6B lysates could not inhibit (FIG. 1C). When a“6b”-factor-specific rabbit serum was tested, all 6A, 6C, and 6Bisolates could inhibit the factor serum equally well (FIG. 1D). Becausethe 6b-factor serum is designed to be 6A-specific, this was unexpected.The factor serum is designed to be specific in quellung reactions,however, not in this inhibition assay. Nevertheless, this experimentshowed that rabbit antisera commonly used for pneumococcal typing do notdistinguish between the 6A and 6C subtypes.

Various 6A, 6C, and 6B isolates were compared using an opsonizationassay and a human serum with a high level of anti-6B antibodies.Although the human serum opsonized 6B as well as 6A (FIG. 2), it did notopsonize seven different 6C isolates from Brazil, Korea, and the UnitedStates (FIG. 2).

Example 4 Human Antisera are not Equally Protective Against the 6A and6C

Because a human antiserum can opsonize 6A and 6B but not 6C, serumsamples from twenty adults for were examined for opsonizing 6A, 6B, and6C serotypes (FIG. 3A). None of the serum donors were vaccinated with apneumococcal vaccine at least for five years. Although most individualshave low opsonization titers, four individuals had opsonization titersgreater than 100 for serotype 6B. Sera from the four individuals hadsignificant opsonization titers against 6A, but only one had asignificant titer against 6C. The observation suggests that the adultpopulation has less natural immunity against 6C than against 6A.

To examine whether immunization with 6B induces antibodiescross-reacting with 6C, the sera from twenty adults who were immunizedwith a pneumococcal vaccine were studied (FIG. 3B). Ten adults wereimmunized with a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and tenwith a 23-valent PS vaccine (PPV). Eight of the ten persons immunizedwith PCV had a high (>100) opsonization titer for 6B. Of these eight,seven persons had an opsonization titer against 6A commensurate with 6Btiter but only one person had 6C titer commensurate with 6B titer.Because the person's serum opsonized 6A almost as well as 6B, it islikely that the elicited anti-6B antibodies that were cross-reactingwith 6C. When PPV vaccines were examined, five persons had a highopsonization titer (>100) against 6B, two persons had a high titeragainst 6A, but none had a high titer against 6C (FIG. 3B). Takentogether, these findings suggest that currently available pneumococcalvaccines may provide protection against 6A better than against 6Cinfections.

Example 5 Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Useful to IdentifyPneumococci

Mouse hybridomas were produced as described previously. Yu et al., 2005(citing Sun et al., 69 Infect. Immun. 336-44 (2001)). Briefly, BALB/cmice were immunized twice subcutaneously with PS-protein conjugate (days0 and 21) and once intraperitoneally on day 59. The immunogen for sevenserotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) was Prevnar (Wyeth LederleVaccines, Pearl River, NY). Conjugates used for serotypes 5 and 7F wereprepared at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Bethesda, Md.), the6A conjugate was a gift of Porter Anderson (Rochester, N.Y.), andconjugates of serotypes 1, 3, and 9N to ovalbumin were prepared asfollows. Cyanogen bromide-activated PS was coupled to ovalbumin duringan overnight incubation. The PS-protein conjugate was purified from thereaction mixture with a molecular weight sizing column. Each dosecontained 1 μg of PS for serotypes 4, 9V, 18C, 19F, and 23F; 2 μg forserotypes 3 and 6B; and 10 μg for serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 7F, and 9N. Theprimary and secondary immunogens contained 10 μg of Quil A (SigmaChemical, St. Louis, Mo.).

Three days after the last immunization, the mice were sacrificed, thespleens harvested, and the splenocytes fused with SP2/0 Ag-14 asdescribed previously. Nahm et al., 129 J. Immunol. 1513-18 (1982).Primary culture wells were screened for the production of desirableantibodies, and the wells producing such antibodies were cloned twice bylimiting dilution. A human-mouse hybridoma, Dob9, was produced byhybridizing peripheral blood lymphocytes from a person immunized with a23-valent PB vaccine, as described previously. Sun et al., 67 Infect.Immun. 1172-79 (1999).

The human-mouse hybridoma is specific for pneumococcal serotypes 19A and19F. All hybridomas produced either IgM or IgG antibodies, excepting oneIgA producer. Hyp6AG1 is IgG and Hyp6AM6 is IgM.

A total of twenty-one hybridomas specific for 6A serotypes wereisolated. Many have similar serological behavior and some may be sisterclones (i.e., some may have the identical variable region structure).Names of 6A-specific hybridomas produced are Hyp6A1, Hyp6AM1, Hyp6AM2,Hyp6AM3, Hyp6AM4, Hyp6AM5, Hyp6AM6, Hyp6AM7, Hyp6AM8, Hyp6AM9, Hyp6AM10,Hyp6AM11, Hyp6AM12, Hyp6AM13, Hyp6AG1, Hyp6AG2, Hyp6AG3, Hyp6AG4,Hyp6AG5, Hyp6AG6, Hyp6AG7.

Example 6 Genetic Study of 6C

A non-capsulated pneumococcal strain might be transformed with genesfrom a 6C isolate. This finding suggests that 6C capsule synthesisrequires one (not multiple) gene fragment, most likely the capsule genelocus. To identify the gene(s) responsible for 6Aβ expression, threetransferases (wciN, wciO, and wciP) were examined. The wciP gene may beidentical between 6A and 6C isolates (as discussed above). When wciNregion was examined by PCR using primers 5016 and 3101 (5106: 5′-TAC CATGCA GGG TGG AAT GT (SEQ ID NO:5) and 3101: 5′-CCA TCC TTC GAG TAT TGC(SEQ ID NO:6)), all nine 6Aa isolates examined yielded about 200 basepair (bp) longer product than did all six 6C isolates examined (FIG. 5).The six isolates included 6C isolates from Korea, USA, and Brazil. Thus,this PCR can be used as a genetic test for 6A subtypes.

The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products from one 6A isolate (AAU9)and one 6C isolate (ST745) were then determined (FIG. 6). All the basesbetween positions 1203 to 2959 (1757 bases) in AAU9 PCR product weresequenced and the sequence was found to be homologous to CR931638, whichis the capsule locus sequence of a 6A isolate reported in the GenBankdatabase. By contrast, the ST745 sequence was found to be almostidentical to that of 6Aα up to position 1368, and then again startingfrom position 2591. The intervening 1029 bp sequence (from 1369 to 2397)is quite different from that of 6A. The intervening sequence containsabout 98 bp that is similar to a transferase used for polysaccharidesynthesis by Streptococcus thermophilus.

Example 7 The 6C Isolates have Chemically Distinct Capsules

Two 6C isolates (BZ17 and BZ650), four 6A strains (SP85, ST558, andCHPA378), and two 6B strains (ST400 and ST518) were compared. Allpneumococcal isolates had colony morphologies typical of pneumococci,and were both optochin-sensitive and bile-soluble. Subtyping assays wereconducted as described in Example 3, above.

Polysaccharide Isolation and Purification:

A pneumococcal strain (SP85 or BZ17) was grown in two liters of achemically defined medium (van de Rijn et al., 27 Infect. Immun. 444-49(1980)) from JRH Biosciences (Lenexa, Kans.), which was supplementedwith choline chloride, sodium bicarbonate and cysteine-HCl, and lysedwith 0.05% deoxycholate. After removing cell debris by centrifugation,PS was precipitated in 70% ethanol and was recovered by dissolving it in120 mL of 0.2 M NaCl. After dialyzing the PS in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4),the PS was loaded onto a DEAE-Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala,Sweden) column (50 ml) and eluted with a NaCl concentration gradient.The resulting fractions were tested for 6Aa or 6A13 PS with theinhibition assay described above. The PS-containing fractions werepooled, concentrated by ethanol precipitation (70%), dialyzed, andlyophilized. The lyophilized PS was dissolved in 3 ml of water andloaded onto a gel filtration column containing 120 ml of Sephacryl S-300HR (Amersham Biosciences). The PS was eluted from the column with waterand all the fractions were tested for 6Aβ PS with the inhibition assay.The fractions containing the first 6Aa or 6Aβ PS peak were pooled andlyophilized.

Monosaccharide Analysis:

The lyophilized capsular PS was subjected to methanolysis in 1.5 M HClat 80° C. for 16 hr. After evaporating the methanolic HCl, the residuewas treated with Tri-Sil reagent (Pierce Biotech. Inc. Rockford, Ill.)for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction products were analyzed on aGLC/MS (Varian 4000, Varian Inc. Palo Alto, Calif.) fitted with a 30 m(0.25 mm in diameter) VF-5 capillary column. Column temperate wasmaintained at 100° C. for 5 min, and then increased to 275° C. at 20°C./min, and finally held at 275° C. for 5 min. The effluent was analyzedby mass spectrometry using the electron impact ionization mode.

Oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis: Capsular PS (1 mg/mL) was treatedwith 40 mM sodium periodate in 80 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH=4) forfour days at 4° C. in the dark. After neutralizing the excess periodatewith ethylene glycol, the sample was dialyzed and lyophilized. Stroop etal., 337 Carbohydr. Res. 335-44 (2002). The PS (1 mg/mL) was reducedwith 200 mg/mL of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) or its deuterium form(NaBD₄) for three hours at RT, dialyzed, and lyophilized. Theoxidized/reduced 6C PS was hydrolyzed in 0.01M NaOH at 85° C. for thirtyminutes, neutralized by adding 0.01M HCl, and then directly used formass spectrometry without desalting.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry:

The tandem mass spectral analysis of native and oxidized/reduced 6C wereperformed in the Mass Spectrometry Shared Facility at the University ofAlabama at Birmingham with Micromass Q-TOF2 mass spectrometer (MicromassLtd. Manchester, UK) equipped with an electrospray ion source. Thesamples, dissolved in distilled water, were injected into the massspectrometer along with running buffer (50/50 acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% formic acid) at the rate of 1 μL/min using a Harvardsyringe pump. The injected sample was negatively ionized withelectrospray (needle voltage=2.8 kV) and detected with a TOF massspectrometer. The injected sample was negatively ionized withelectrospray (needle voltage=2.8 kV) and detected with a TOF massspectrometer. For MS/MS, the parent ion was fragmented into daughterions by energizing it to 40 eV before collision with argon gas. Thedaughter ions were analyzed with a TOF mass spectrometer. The MS/MSspectra were processed using the Max-Ent3 module of MassLynx 3.5.

Smith Degradation and Glycerol Detection:

Periodate treated 6A and 6C PSs were reduced with 10 mg/ml Sodiumborodeuteride in 1M ammonium hydroxide for 16 hr. Excess sodiumborodeuteride was removed by addition of glacial acetic acid and 0.5 mlof methanol:acetic acid (9:1) was added. Samples were dried under astream of nitrogen and washed twice with 0.25 ml of methanol. Driedsamples were suspended in 0.5 ml of 1.5M methanolic HCl and incubated at80° C. for 16 hr. Samples were dried under a stream of nitrogen andwashed twice with 0.25 ml of methanol. Dried samples were suspended in0.1 ml of Tri-Sil (Pierce) and incubated at 80° C. for 20 min. The 1 μlof samples were injected into a Varian 4000 gas chromatographmass-spectrometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) equipped with a 60 mVF-1 column. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rateof 1.2 ml/min. The oven conditions were an initial temperature of 50° C.held for 2 min, temperature increase at 30° C./min to 150° C., thenanother increase at 3° C./min to 220° C., which was held for twominutes. The injector temperature was kept at 250° C. and the MStransfer-line at 280° C. MS data acquisition parameters includedscanning from m/z 40 to 1000 in the electron impact (EI) mode or in thechemical ionization (CI) mode using acetonitrile.

The chromatography of 6A PS showed all the peaks that are characteristicof ribitol, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose (FIG. 7A), consistent witha previous publication. Kim et al., 347 Anal. Biochem. 262-74 (2005).For instance, galactose yields three major peaks appearing between 11.2and 11.6 min retention times with the second peak being the tallest. Kimet al. (2005). When 6C PS chromatogram was examined, characteristicpeaks of ribitol, rhamnose, and glucose were found but galactose peakswas absent. When the areas of each carbohydrate peaks were normalized torhamnose peak area and compared between 6A and 6C (FIG. 7B), 6A and 6CPS have the equivalent areas of ribitol peaks. The glucose peak area of6C, however, was twice of that of 6A (FIG. 7B). This finding suggestedthat the repeating unit of 6C has one ribitol and one rhamnose as 6A butit has two glucose molecules instead of one each of glucose andgalactose molecules. Thus, 6C produces a capsular PS that is chemicallydifferent from the PS produced by 6A by using glucose instead ofgalactose.

To further investigate the two glucose molecules presumed to be presentin 6C PS, 6A and 6C PS were treated with periodate, which selectivelydestroys vicinal glycols. As expected from the published structure of 6APS, the galactose and ribitol peaks of 6A PS became undetectable whilethe glucose and rhamnose peaks were undisturbed. Kamerling, Pneumococcalpolysaccharides: a chemical view, in Mol. Biol. & Mechanisms of Disease81-114 (Mary Ann Liebert, Larchmont, 2000); Kim et al., 347 Anal.Biochem. 262-74 (2005); Rebers & Heidelberger, 83 J. Am. Chem. 3056-59(1961). When 6C PS was periodate-treated, its ribitol becameundetectable and its glucose peak was reduced by about half while itsrhamnose peaks remained undisturbed (FIG. 7B). This finding stronglysuggests that the 6A PS structure is identical to the 6A PS structurepublished in the literature. Also, it indicates that 6C PS is chemicallydifferent from 6A PS and that 6C PS has two glucose molecules, one ofwhich is sensitive to periodate and the other of which is not.

Example 8 Determination of Monosaccharide/Ribitol Sequence within theRepeating Units

A mild alkali hydrolysis of 6A PS breaks the phosphodiester bond in eachrepeating unit and produces a repeating unit with a negative charge,which can then be examined with tandem mass spectrometry. The hydrolysisproduct of 6A PS (from strain SP85) showed three well-defined peaks witha negative charge: peaks with 683.21, 701.21, and 759.19 mass to chargeratio (m/z) units (FIG. 8A). The peak at 683.21 m/z units representsanhydrous form of the peak at 701.21 m/z units and the peak at 759.19represents the molecule with 701.21 m/z unit with NaCl salt. Thisindicates that the mass of the repeating unit is 683.21 mass units asdescribed. Kamerling, 2000; Kim, 2005. The daughter ions (product ions)of the 701.21 peak were examined and yielded daughter ions with massesof 539.13, 377.08, and 212.99 m/z units, which respectively correspondto the masses of glucose-rhamnose-ribitol-P, rhamnose-ribitol-P, andribitol-P fragments (FIG. 8C). Also their anhydrous counterparts at701.21, 539.14, 377.08 and 212.99 m/z units. Additional peaks observedat 96.94 m/z and 78.93 m/z units represent H₂PO₄ ⁻ and PO₃ ⁻ ions (FIG.8C).

Analysis of 6C PS, using the same procedure used for 6A PS, showed threemajor peaks at 683.24, 701.25, and 759.22 m/z units, corresponding tothe three major peaks found for 6A PS (FIG. 8B). Also, the 6C cleavageproducts had a mass spectrum identical to those of 6A (FIG. 8D). Thisfinding indicated that the mass of the repeating unit of 6C PS is 683.2m/z units and that the carbohydrate sequence of the 6C repeating unit isglucose 1-glucose 2-rhamnose-ribitol-P. (To distinguish between the twoglucoses, they are labeled as glucose 1 and glucose 2. Glucose 1corresponds to the galactose of 6A. Thus, the monosaccharide sequence of6C is identical to that of 6A except for the replacement of galactosewith glucose 1.

Example 9 Determination of the Linkages Between Carbohydrate and Ribitolof the 6C Repeating Unit

To identify the 6C glucose that is periodate-sensitive, 6C PS wasoxidized and reduced to repeating units by mild alkali hydrolysis, andthe repeating units studied with tandem mass spectrometry. Their massspectrum showed several major (and dominant) peaks between 650 and 700m/z units (FIG. 9A). The dominant peaks were at 655.23, 659.73, 661.24,664.25, 673.25, and 675.24 m/z units. Due to natural isotopes, eachdominant peak has satellite peaks with one or two additional mass unitsand these satellite peaks can be used to determine the charge states andthe true mass of the dominant peaks. Cole, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASSSPECTROMETRY: FUNDAMENTALS, INSTRUMENTATION, & APPLICATIONS (Wiley, NewYork, 2000). For instance, the dominant peak at 661.24 m/z units has asatellite peak with 661.57 m/z units. Because these two peaks areseparated by 0.33 m/z units, the 661.24 peak represents a molecular ionwith three negative charges and 1983.72 mass units (i.e., threerepeating units with one water molecule; 655.23*2+673.76=1983.72).Similarly, the 664.25 and 675.24 peaks represented two repeating unitswith two negative charges, but the 675.24 peak has a sodium ionreplacing a proton. The 673.25 and 655.23 peaks represent one repeatingunit with one negative charge with or without a water molecule. Becausethe mass of the anhydrous repeating unit prior to oxidation/reductionwas 683.26, the repeating unit lost 28 mass units due to oxidation andreduction. To identify the periodate reaction products of ribitol andglucose, the ribitol fragment was named the Rx fragment and the twoglucose fragments were named the Gx and Gy fragments (FIG. 10A).

Daughter ions were obtained by fragmenting the parent ion with 673.25m/z units (FIG. 9B). During the fragmentation, one fragment may exchangeone atomic mass unit (AMU) with the other fragment. Grossert et al., 20Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 1511-16 (2006); McLafferty 31 Anal. Chem.82-87 (1959). Also, molecular ions become variably hydrated within argoncollision cells. Sun et al., 69 Infect. Immun. 336-44 (2001). Indeed,the daughter ions could be grouped into hydrated and anhydrous peaksbased on differences of 18 m/z units (FIG. 9B). The peaks found at673.25, 581.16, 509.13, 347.07, and 200.99 m/z units are hydrated peaks,each of which has a corresponding anhydrous peak that is 18 AMU less.Also, the peaks at 200.99, 347.07 and 509.13 m/z units correspond to thefragments with 200, 346, and 508 AMUs with one hydrogen atom added tothe fragmentation site (FIG. 10B) during the fragmentation. The peak at200.99 m/z unit confirms that ribitol lost CH₂OH during the periodatetreatment. The peaks at 347.07 and 509.13 indicate that rhamnose andglucose 2 are periodate resistant. Presence of a peak at 581.16indicates that glucose 1 is cleaved.

Periodate cleavage divided glucose 1 into two parts (which were named Gxand Gy in FIG. 10A). The combined mass of the two parts is 164 insteadof 162 (mass of intact glucose) because glucose 1 lost no carbon butacquired two hydrogen atoms at the breakage site during the oxidationand reduction reactions. The mass spectrum shown in FIG. 9 is consistentwith Gx and Gy having 91 and 74 AMUs respectively. The peak at 581.16m/z units indicates that a repeating unit lost Gx and one extra proton(FIG. 10). Neutral loss of both Gx and Gy (74 AMUs) results inadditional loss of 72 m/z units because Gy already lost one hydrogen toGx and leaves one hydrogen with glucose 2. The same patterns were foundfor the anhydrous peaks: i.e., 655.22, 563.16, and 491.12 m/z units.Furthermore, when the 6Aβ PS was reduced with NaBD₄, the two additionalmass units were associated with glucose 1: the neutral loss of Gxfragment was 93 instead of 92, and that of Gy was 73 instead of 72 (FIG.4C). These findings clearly indicated that glucose 1 cleaves into Gx andGy with sizes shown in FIG. 10A.

The mass spectrum of daughter ions also provided information about theglycosidic linkages of 6Aβ PS. Glucose and rhamnose must be linked tothe preceding carbohydrate at their first carbon. Rebers & Heidelberger,1961. Also, they must be linked to the succeeding carbohydrate at thethird carbon in order to be resistant to periodate. Rebers &Heidelberger, 1961 Thus, 6C PS must have glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3)rhamnose (1→). Further examination of the daughter ions shows that theirglucose 1 has the phosphodiester bond at its second carbon. To beperiodate sensitive, glucose 1 must have its phosphodiester link only atpositions 2, 4, or 6. The phosphodiester bond linkage is not at position6 because the linkage at 6 results in a loss of a carbon atom in glucose1 (FIG. 10F). If the phosphodiester linkage is at position 4, thebreakage occurs between the second and the third carbon. Gx and Gyshould then have 120 and 42 AMUs, and a peak with 552 m/z units shouldbe detected instead of the peak at 581 m/z unit (FIG. 10E).

Although hydrolysis cleaves the phosphodiester bond with glucose 1, itoccasionally breaks the phosphodiester bond with ribitol instead.Examination of this reverse cleavage products further confirms that thephosphodiester linkage must be at the second carbon of glucose 1. Thepeaks with 150.95 and 243.00 m/z units are reverse cleavage products ofglucose 1 (FIG. 9B) since products with these m/z units can be producedfrom glucose 1 with the phosphodiester bond at the second carbon (FIG.10D) and these peaks have one (150.95→151.97) or two (243.00→245.02)more m/z units if reduction was performed with NaBD₄ instead of NaBH₄(FIG. 9C). An ion at 120.95 m/z units can be also obtained if the ion at150 m/z units loses the terminal methanol group. These peaks cannot beexplained if the phosphodiester bond is at the fourth or the sixthcarbon (FIGS. 10E and 10F). Thus, the data with the reverse cleavageproducts also indicate that the phosphodiester bond is linked to thesecond carbon of glucose 1.

Additional examination of the mass spectra showed that therhamnose-ribitol linkage must be (1→3). Because pneumococci useCDP-5-ribitol that is produced for teichoic acid synthesis for theircapsule synthesis as well (Pereira & Brown 43 Biochem. 11802-12 (2004)),the linkage between ribitol and glucose 1 must be ribitol (5→P→2)glucose 1. The peaks at 78.94 and 96.94 correspond to PO₃ ⁻ and H₂PO₄ ⁻,while the peaks at 182.98 and 200.99 (FIG. 9B) correspond to the Rxfragment attached to PO₃ ⁻ and H₂PO₄ ⁻ (FIG. 10A). Thus, ribitol mustlose a hydroxymethyl group during the oxidation and reduction reactionand the linkage between rhamnose and ribitol must be rhamnose (1→3)ribitol. Considering all of the above, the 6Aβ repeating unit should be{P→2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→3) ribitol (5→} (FIG.10C).

When 6A PS was analyzed, peaks identical to the 6C PS peaks were found,which indicate that galactose and ribitol were destroyed by periodatebut that glucose 2 and rhamnose remained intact. Thus, the structure of6A PS must be {→2) galactose (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→3)ribitol (5→P), which is identical to the 6A PS structure published inthe literature. Kamerling, 2000; Rebers & Heidelberger, 1961. Insummary, the structural difference between 6A and 6C PS is theorientation of the hydroxyl group at the fourth carbon of glucose 1 (orgalactose).

Classically, the phosphodiester bond of 6A PS was determined to be atthe second carbon of galactose by demonstrating that glycerol isreleased after a Smith degradation of the 6A PS that was oxidized andreduced. Rebers & Heidelberger, 1961. To confirm the position of the 6Cphosphodiester bond using this classical approach, the Smith degradationof 6A and 6C PSs after oxidation and reduction was performed asdescribed above. The reaction products of 6A and 6C PSs indicatedglycerol from the two PSs. Thus, glucose 1 has a phosphodiester bond atthe second carbon of glucose 1.

Example 10 Genetic Origin of Serotype 6C

Bacterial strains and culture: The pneumococcal strains used in the 6Cstudy are listed in Table 4:

TABLE 4 List of pneumococcus strains Strain Country of origin namesSerotype Tissue location (year of isolation) Source or reference CHPA376C Nasopharynx USA McEllistrem et al., 40 Clin. (1999-2002) Infect. Dis.1738-44 (2005) CHPA388 6C Nasopharynx USA Id. (1999-2002) BGO-2197 6CNasopharynx USA (1979) Hollingshead, unpublished MX-67 6C BronchusMexico (1996) Robinson et al., 184 J. CMN Bacteriol. 6367-75 (2002)ACA-C21 6C Nasopharynx Canada (1995) Id. BZ17 6C CSF^(a) Brazil (2003)Lin et al., 176 J. Bacteriol. 7005-16 (1994) BZ39 6C CSF Brazil (2003)Id. BZ86 6C CSF Brazil (2003) Id. BZ650 6C CSF Brazil (2003) Id. ST2606C CSF Brazil (2003) presented herein KK177 6C Oropharynx Korea (2005)presented herein CH66 6C Nasopharynx China (1997) Robinson et al., 2002CH158 6C Nasopharynx China (1997) Id. CH199 6C Nasopharynx China (1998)Id. CHPA67 6A Nasopharynx USA McEllistrem et al., 2005 (1999-2002)CHPA78 6A Nasopharynx USA Id. (1999-2002) BZ652 6A CSF Brazil (2003) Linet al., 1994 KK58 6A Oropharynx Korea (2005) presented herein AAU-33 6ABlood USA (1998) Mavroidi et al., 186 J. Bacteriol. 8181-92 (2004)TIGR4JS4 Non- derived from TIGR4^(b) Not applicable Trzcinski et al.,2003. 69 Appl. capsulated Environ. Microbiol. 7364-70 (2003) TIGR6A4 6Aderived from TIGR4JS4 Not applicable presented herein TIGR6AX Non-derived from TIGR6A4 Not applicable presented herein capsulated TIGR6C46C derived from TIGR6A4 Not applicable presented herein ^(a)CSF,cerebrospinal fluid. ^(b)TIGR4 was originally isolated from blood.Tettelin et al., 293 Science, 498-506 (2001).

In addition to the 6C isolates from Brazil that were reported earlier(Lin et al., 2006), additional 6C strains were identified by retypingthe preexisting pneumococcal isolates archived in the laboratory as the“6A” serotype. The collection includes 6A isolates used for studies byRobinson et al., 184 J. Bacteriol. 6367-75(2002) and Mavroidi, 2004. Onestrain (BGO-2197) was isolated in 1979 in Birmingham, Ala., U.S. TheTIGR4JS4 strain is a non-capsulated variant of the TIGR4 strain(Tettelin et al., 293 Science 498-506 (2001)), and was produced byreplacing type 4 capsule gene locus with Janus cassette (kan^(R)-rpsL⁺)and backcrossing 3 times to wildtype TIGR4 (Trzcinski et al., 69Micorbiol. 7364-70 (2003); Hollingshead (unpublished). TIGR6AX, TIGR6A4,and TIGR6C4 are TIGR4JS4 variants expressing, respectively, no, 6A, or6C capsule types. These variants were produced as described below.

PCR and DNA Sequencing:

All the PCR primers used in this study are listed in Table 5. Theprimers used for multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were as described byEnright & Spratt, 144(11) Microbiol. 3049-60 (1998), and the primersused to amplify the wciN, wciO, and wciP genes were described byMavroidi et al., 2004. Additional primers were designed using the DNAsequences of the 6A and 6B capsule gene loci in GenBank (accessionnumbers CR931638 and CR931639, respectively).

TABLE 5 List of PCR primers Primer site of Primer No. Source or nameCR931638 Description* Sequence reference Forward primers 5101  6949-6966in wciN, for 5′-ATTTGGTGTACTTCCTCC Mavroidi et INDEL (SEQ ID NO: 7)al., 2004 detection 5103  8146-8168 in wciO, for 5′-AAACATGACATCAATTACA presented sequencing 6C (SEQ ID NO: 8) herein capsule gene 5106 5897-5916 in wchA, for 5′-TACCATGCAGGGTGGAATGT presented wciN detection(SEQ ID NO: 5) herein 5108  8350-8370 in wciP, for5′-ATGGTGAGAGATATTTGTCAC presented wciP allele (SEQ ID NO: 1) hereindetection 5112 Not in Kan^(R)-rpsL* 5′-CTAGTCTAGAGTTTGATTTTTAATGGpresented applicable with XbaI site (SEQ ID NO: 9) herein 5113 4870-4894 in wze, for 5′-GGGAAAAATAAAAAATAGGTCGGG presented Fragment C(SEQ ID NO: 10) herein 5118  7613-7636 in wciO with5′-CGCGGATCCAGAAAAACTATGTCGCCT presented BamHI siteGCTAAA(SEQ ID NO: 11) herein 5120    1-30 in dexB, for5′-TGTCCAATGAAGAGCAAGACTTGACAGTAG Trzcinski  Fragment A (SEQ ID NO: 12)et al., 2003 5122  2187-2206 in wzg, for 5′-TTCGTCCATTCACACCTTAGpresented Fragment B (SEQ ID NO: 13) herein 5123  8775-8794 in wciP, for5′-TGCCTATATCTGGGGGTGTA presented Fragment D (SEQ ID NO: 14) herein 512411274-11293 in wzx, for 5′-AATGATTTGGGCGGATGTTT presented Fragment E(SEQ ID NO: 15) herein 5125 13864-13883 in rmlC, for5′-AGTGATTGATGCGAGTAAGG presented Fragment F (SEQ ID NO: 16) herein 5140 9531-9551 in wzy, for  5′-CCTAAAGTGGAGGGAATTTCG Mavroidi  wzy allele(SEQ ID NO: 17) et al., detection 2004 5141 11459-11478 in wzx, for5′-TTCGAATGGGAATTCAATGG Id. wzx allele (SEQ ID NO: 18) detectionReverse primers 3101  7888-7905 in wciO, for 5′-CCATCCTTCGAGTATTGCMavroidi et INDEL and (SEQ ID NO: 6) al., 2004 wciN detections 3103 9468-9487 in wzy, for  5′-AACCCCTAACAATATCAAAT presented Janus(SEQ ID NO: 19) herein cassette and Fragment C 3107  9226-9245in wciP, for 5′-AGCATGATGGTATATAAGCC presented wciP allele(SEQ ID NO: 2) herein detection 3112 Not in Kan^(R)-rpsL*5′-CGCGGATCCGGGCCCCTTTCCTTATGCT presented applicable with BamHI siteTTTGG(SEQ ID NO: 20) herein 3113  6203-6224 in wchA with5′-CTAGTCTAGAAATAAAATTTCAATATCT presented XbaI siteTTCCAG(SEQ ID NO: 21) herein 3121  3676-3660 in wzd, for5′-GATTGCGATTCACTACG presented Fragment A (SEQ ID NO: 22) herein 3122 5380-5361 in wchA, for 5′-AACTCCCCAACAACCTCATT presented Fragment B(SEQ ID NO: 23) herein 3123 12978-12959 in rmlA, for5′-AAAATCAAGGCAACGCTATC presented Fragment D (SEQ ID NO: 24) herein 312414618-14600 in rmlB, for 5′-ACGGAGAGCTTGGGTTGTA  presented Fragment E(SEQ ID NO: 25) herein 3126 17611-17584 in aliA, for5′-CAATAATGTCACGCCCGCAAGGGCAAGT Trzcinski  Fragment F (SEQ ID NO: 26)et al., 2003 3143 10135-10115 in wzy, for 5′-CCTCCCATATAACGAGTGATG Mavroidi  wzy allele (SEQ ID NO: 27) et al., detection 2004 314412068-12049 in wzx, for 5′-GCGAGCCAAATCGGTAAGTA Id. wzx allele(SEQ ID NO: 28) detection *Fragments A through F refers to the fragmentsof serotype 6C capsule gene locus used for capsule gene locussequencing.

For capsule gene locus PCR, the reaction mixture had 10 ng to 30 ng ofchromosomal DNA, 1 μl of each primer from a 100-pmol stock, 2 μl of 10mM dNTP, 5 μl of 10× buffer solution, 0.5 μl (2.5U) of Taq polymerase(Takara Biomedical, Shiga, Japan), and 39.5 μl of sterile water (Sigma,St Louis, Mich.). The reaction mixture for multi-locus sequence typinghad 10 ng to 30 ng of chromosomal DNA, 1 μl of each primer from a50-pmol stock, 2 μl of MgCl₂, 5 μl of Q-solution (Qiagen, Chatsworth,Calif.), 12.5 μl of Master Mix (Qiagen), and 4 μl sterile water (Sigma).Chromosomal DNA was isolated with a Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit(Promega, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's instruction.Thermal cycling conditions were: initial denaturation at 95° C. for 3min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 1 min, annealing at 52°C.-58° C. for 1 min, extension at 72° C. for 2 min, and a finalextension at 72° C. for 10 min. Multi-locus sequence typing used 30cycles, and capsule locus gene PCR used 35 cycles. The size of the PCRproducts was determined by electrophoresis in a 1%-1.5% agarose gel.

The DNA sequence of the PCR products was determined by the genomics corefacility at the University of Alabama using an automated DNA sequencer,and the PCR products were purified with a Wizard PCR Cleanup Kit(Promega). DNA sequences were analyzed with Lasergene v. 5.1 software(DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.) and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST) located on-line at the NCBI NLM NIH website.

The sequences from the capsule gene locus were compared with thesequences previously reported. Mavroidi et al., 2004. Alleles of eachsequence type were assigned using the on-line pneumococcal Multi LocusSequence Typing (MLST) website. When the sequences were different, newallele numbers were assigned. All the wciNβ sequences are then depositedin the pneumococcal MLST. The entire capsule gene locus of thepneumococcal isolate CHPA388 is deposited in GenBank.

Genetic profiles of 6C strains collected from global sources arepresented in Table 6:

TABLE 6 Global sources of serotype 6C isolates Multilocus sequencetyping (MLST) Capsule gene Seq. locus profile Type Strains Origin wciPwzy wzx aroE gdh gki recP spi xpt ddl (ST) 1 CHPA37 US 9 (1) 10 (0) 1(0) 1 13 1 43  5 TD* 20 — 2 CHPA388 US 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) 10  13 1 43 98  1 20 1390 3 BGO2197 US 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) 2 13 2 1 6 19  14 1092 4ACA-C21 CA 9 (0) 10 (0) 1 (0) 13   1 1 5 6 1 18 1715 5 MX67 MX 9 (0) 10(0) 1 (1) 7 25 4 4 15  20  28 NT 6 BZ17 BR 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) — — — — —— — — 7 BZ39 BR 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) — — — — — — — — 8 BZ86 BR 9 (1) 10(0) 1 (0)  7** 13 8 6 1 1  8 NT 9 BZ650 BR 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) — — — — —— — — 10 ST260 BR 9 (1) 10 (0) 1 (0) 1  5 9 43  5 1  6 NT 11 KK177 KR 9(0)  1 (0) 1 (0) 7 30 8 6 6 6 14 NT 12 CH66 CN 9 (0) 10 (0) 1 (1)  7**42 4 39  25  104  14 NT 13 CH158 CN 9 (0) 10 (0) 1 (1) — — — — — — — —14 CH199 CN 9 (0) 10 (0) 1 (1) — — — — — — — —

Production of TIGR4 Variants with 6A and 6C Capsule Gene Loci:

To investigate the role of the wciN gene in 6C capsule expression,desired genes or gene fragments were inserted into the TIGR4JS4 strain,which is derived from TIGR4 but which has lost the capsule gene locus(FIG. 11). Aliquots of frozen, transformation-competent TIGR4JS4 weremade by growing it in THY broth at 37° C. until the optical density at600 nm was about 0.4-0.5; by diluting it 1:100 in Todd-Hewitt broth(pH7.2) supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, 0.2% bovine serum albumin,0.01% CaCl₂, and 13% glycerol; and by freezing it in 250 μl aliquots at−80° C.

To transform TIGR4JS4, a frozen bacterial aliquot was thawed and mixedwith 50 ng of competence-stimulating peptide variant 2. Trzcinski etal., 2003. After 14 min incubation at 37° C., 100 μl of TIGR4JS4 wasmixed with 10 μl of bacterial lysate (AAU33 strain) or 100 ng of DNAcassettes. After 2 hr incubation at 37° C., the bacteria were plated onsheep blood agar plates containing 200 μg/ml kanamycin or 300 μg/mlstreptomycin and incubated at 37° C. in a candle jar. Colonies oftransformants growing in the antibiotic media were harvested andbackcrossed three times with DNA-recipient competent bacteria.

To prepare a bacterial lysate of AAU33 for transformation, 10 ml of THYbroth was inoculated with the AAU33 strain and cultured for about 5 hrat 37° C. until the optical density at 600 nm was ˜0.4-0.5. The THYbroth was centrifuged to obtain a bacterial pellet, and the pellet waslysed by resuspending it in 0.1 ml of sodium citrate buffer (0.15M, pH7.5) containing 0.1% sodium deoxycholate and 0.01% sodium dodecylsulfateand then incubating it for 10 min at 37° C. The lysate (0.1 ml) was thenmixed with 0.9 ml of normal saline buffered with 0.015M sodium citrate(pH 7.0) and heat-inactivated at 65° C. for 15 min.

To replace the wciNα gene region of TIGR6A4 with the wciNβ gene regionfrom CHPA388, two different DNA cassettes were prepared, labeledCassette 1 and Cassette 2 in FIG. 11. Each cassette has three parts: thecentral core containing the target DNA and two flanking DNAs. The twoflanking DNAs are for homologous recombination, are about 1 Kb each, andwere obtained from either wchA or wciO-P genes. The central core ofCassette 1 has kanamycin-resistance (kanA^(R)) andstreptomycin-sensitivity (rpsL⁺) genes and is obtained by PCR usingTIGR4JS4 strain DNA as the template. The flanking DNA fragments wereobtained by PCR using chromosomal DNA of AAU33 as the template. All theprimer pairs, which are shown in FIG. 11 and Table 5, have restrictionenzyme sites to facilitate linking the three DNA fragments. The threeDNA fragments were linked together by digestion with an appropriaterestriction enzyme and ligation with T4 DNA ligase (New England BioLabs,Beverly, Mass.). The ligation product was amplified by PCR using primers5113 and 3102. The PCR product was purified by the Wizard PCR CleanupKit (Promega) and subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The PCR productwas then used as donor DNA in the transformation.

Cassette 2 was used to replace the antibiotic selection genes with thewciNβ gene. The central core has the wciNβ gene from CHPA388. The wchAand wciO-P DNA fragments were obtained by PCR from AAU33 as describedfor Cassette 1 (FIG. 11).

Identification of Additional 6C Strains Among “6A” Collections:

To obtain a representative collection of 6C serotypes from variouslocations, the preexisting collection of “6A” strains were re-tested byquellung reaction (Mavroidi et al., 2004; Robinson et al., 2002) andidentified nine additional 6C isolates from five countries on threedifferent continents (Table 4). These isolates were obtained from spinalfluid, blood, and the nasopharynx samples, indicating that 6C can beassociated with invasive pneumococcal infections as well as asymptomaticcarriage. One isolate (BGO2197) was obtained in 1979 at Birmingham, Ala.This finding shows that the 6C serotype, identified and isolated for thefirst time as described herein, may have been in existence for more thantwenty-seven years and is now found throughout the world.

Many 6C strains have the identical capsule gene locus profile butdifferent sequence types: To begin investigating the genetic basis forthe serotype 6C, the capsule gene locus profiles and the sequence types(STs) of the twelve isolates were examined. Similar to what was observedpreviously for the Brazilian 6C isolates (Lin et al., 2006), all 6Cisolates have allele 9 of the wciP gene with either no or one nucleotidedifference. Similarly, all 6C isolates have allele 1 of the wzx genewith either no or one nucleotide difference. All 6C isolates have allele10 for the wzy gene except for one isolate, which expresses allele 1. Incontrast to the 6C isolates' restricted capsule gene locus profile,multi-locus sequence typing shows that 6C isolates express diverse STs.The fact that 6C is associated with multiple STs but with one singlecapsule gene locus profile (except for one isolate) suggests that thegene(s) responsible for the 6C serotype is probably in the capsule genelocus.

The capsule gene loci of 6A and 6C differ in the region between the wchAand wciO genes: It was hypothesized that the genetic difference betweenserotypes 6A and 6C is a glycosyl transferase gene, the same gene thatis responsible for the difference between serotypes 6A and 6B. When PCRwas used to compare the sizes of their glycosyl transferase genes, itwas found that the sizes of their wciN genes were different. The wciNPCR products of all 6C isolates were about 1.8 kb long whereas the wciNPCR products of all 6A isolates were about 2 kb long (FIG. 12). Todistinguish between the two wciN genes from the 6A and 6C serotypes,they have been named wciNα and wciNβ, respectively.

To further investigate wciNβ gene, the DNA sequences of the wciNβ generegion including the wchA and wciO genes from five 6C strains (BZ17,BZ86, CHPA388, KK177, and ST 260) were compared. Because their sequenceswere almost identical, the actual DNA sequence is shown for only CHPA388(FIG. 13) and the sequences of other isolates are deposited in GenBank.The sequence of the wciNβ gene from CHPA388 was then compared with the6A sequence of the corresponding region available at the GenBank (No.CR931638) (FIG. 13). A summary of the comparison is shown in FIG. 14.

The sequence comparison revealed clear differences in wciNα and wciNβgenes: The 6C serotype has 1029-bp-long DNA in place of 1222-bp-long DNAin 6A (FIG. 14 and FIG. 15). The two wciN genes are completelydifferent, with the sequence homology being only about fifty percent.The DNA difference begins immediately after the termination of wchA gene(position 1368) and ends 130 bases upstream to the beginning of the wciOgene (positions 2398 for 6C and 2631 for 6A) (FIG. 14 and FIG. 15). Whenthe DNA sequences flanking the replaced gene were compared between 6Aand 6C, significantly more DNA polymorphisms were found in the flankingregions than in the regions outside of the two flanking regions. Forinstance, the 300 bases upstream from the replaced gene have 25different nucleotides, but the 150 bases located immediately upstreamfrom the 300 bases have only one different base (p<0.001 by Fisher'sexact test) (FIG. 15). Similarly, in the 3′ direction, 20 bases differin the proximal 110 bases but only 1 base differs in the next 300 bases(p<0.001 by Fisher's exact test) (FIG. 15). These findings are notunique to this particular 6A sequence (CR931638) because similar resultswere obtained with the sequence of seven different 6A strains AAU33,D020-1B, HS3050, CHPA78, KK65, ST19, and ST558. These findings suggestthat the two flanking regions were parts of the new gene that has beeninserted into 6A to create 6C.

The flanking regions may have been involved in the homologousrecombination of the wciNβ gene to the 6A capsule locus. Furthermore,all 6C isolates have the identical flanking region sequences. Thissuggests that the genetic replacement took place only once and that allthe 6C isolates must be progeny of this single founder bacterium.

With this gene replacement, wciNβ has a new open reading frame (ORF)that is 1125 bases long and encodes a peptide with 374 amino acids,which is named the WCINβ protein (FIG. 13). The termination codon of thenew ORF is between the two potential start codons for the wciO gene,which are located at positions 2497 and 2528 of 6C. When the sequence ofthe wciNβgene was compared with the sequences in the database, 110 bases(from 1627 to 1736 in 6C) of 6C demonstrated 81% homology to the 90bases of the exopolysaccharide synthesis gene of Streptococcusthermophilus strain CNRZ1066 (Bolotin et al., 22 Nat. Biochem. 1554-58(2004) (FIG. 13). Also, the translated sequence of wciNβ gene has 22%amino acid identity and 44% similarity to the translated sequence ofcapH gene of Staphylococcus aureus. Lin et al., 176 J. Bacteriol. 700516 (1994). The wciNβ gene product is a member of the waaG family.Incidentally, the waaG gene product of E. coli K-12 is anα1,3-glucosyltransferase involved in LPS synthesis. Heinrichs et al., 30Mol. Microbiol. 221-32 (1998).

The sequences of the capsule gene loci of the 6A and 6C serotypes differonly slightly in regions other than the wciN gene: To determine if the6A and 6C capsule gene loci differ only in the wciN region, the sequenceof the entire capsule locus of a 6C isolate (CHPA388) was analyzed byPCR amplifying the entire capsule gene locus between dexB and aliA lociin six overlapping DNA fragments. FIG. 16 shows the genetic map of thesequence of the capsule gene locus. The entire CHPA388 locus ispresented in FIG. 16. The 6C capsule gene locus contained fourteen ORFsinvolved in the capsular PS synthesis. The ORFs are in the sametranscription orientation and correspond exactly to those found for the6A capsule gene locus. The ORFs of 6C begin with cpsA gene at the 5′ endand end with rmlD gene at the 3′ end. As shown in FIG. 17, a putativepromoter binding region and a transcription start site for 6C capsulegene locus are found 5′ to the cpsA gene and a putative transcriptionterminator site is found 3′ to the rmlD gene. Additionally, there areinsertion element (or “tnp” or “transposase”) sequences at both ends ofthe capsule gene locus, as are commonly found for many pneumococcalcapsule gene loci. Bentley et al., PLoS Genet 2:e31 (2006). Thenucleotide sequence of the entire locus are deposited in GenBank.

When the sequence was compared with the capsule gene locus of a 6Astrain (GenBank accession No. CR31638), except for the wciN regiondescribed above, the capsule gene locus of 6C was very homologous (˜98%)to that of 6A. Also, homology was significantly low (about 78%) forabout 60 bp in the middle of the cpsA ORF and the “tnp's” found ateither end of the capsule gene loci were different between the 6A and 6Ccapsule gene loci. The 6C capsule gene locus did not have the INDEL thatis present upstream to the wciO gene in some 6A or 6B capsule gene loci.Mavroidi et al., 2004. Despite these differences, the most prominentdifference between 6A and 6C capsule gene loci is found in the wciNregion.

The wciN gene region is responsible for conversion from the 6A to 6Cserotype. Although the above comparison of the capsule gene loci showedthat the major difference is in the wciN region, minor differences arepresent in the entire capsule gene region (e.g., cpsA ORF). It ispossible that some other small genetic differences outside of thecapsule locus could be involved in the 6C expression. To show that onlythe wciN region is involved, whether the interchange of the wciNα regionwith the wciNβ region could convert the 6A serotype to the 6C serotype(FIG. 11) was examined. TIGR6A was produced by replacing the capsulelocus of TIGR4 with the 6A capsule gene locus from strain AAU33. ThewciNα gene was then removed from TIGR6A by transforming it withCassette 1. The resulting strain, named TIGR6AX, was non-capsulated andwas found, via PCR, to have lost the wciNα gene between positions 1325and 2518. The wciNβ region was then inserted into TIGR6AX using Cassette2, which contained the wciNβ gene from CHPA388. PCR confirmed that theresulting strain, TIGR6C, had wciNβ at the expected location. TIGR6C wasfound to express serotype 6C and this confirmed that the wciNβ generegion is sufficient for the serotype conversion.

Example 11 Novel Pneumococcal Serotype 6D

Previous studies of the chemical structure of serotypes 6A and 6Bcapsular polysaccharides (PS) showed them to be polymers of repeatingunits containing galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and ribitol phosphate(FIG. 17). The chemical difference between 6A and 6B PS is in thelinkage between rhamnose and ribitol: 6A PS has a 1→3 linkage, but 6B PShas a 1→4 linkage. Studies of the genes responsible for the formation of6A PS are summarized in FIG. 18. All the genes involved in the synthesisof 6A PS are in one genetic locus (termed the “capsule gene locus”),which is about 17 kb long and contains fourteen genes. A consistentgenetic difference between the 6A and 6B capsule gene loci appears to bea single nucleotide at position 584 of the wciP gene (584G⇄A; S195N[Ser⇄Asn]). Mavroidi et al., 2004. This genetic change is thought toconvert the rhamnosyl transferase encoded by wciP from having theability to make the 1→3 linkage for 6A PS to having the ability to makethe 1→4 linkage for 6B PS.

As discussed herein, the 6C PS has a glucose residue in place of thegalactose residue of 6A PS (FIG. 17) and the 6C capsule gene locus isalmost identical to the 6A capsule gene locus except for a differentwciN gene (FIG. 18). The wciN of 6A was renamed to wciNα and the wciN of6C was renamed to wciNβ. As noted above, the study suggests that the 6Acapsule gene locus might have become the 6C capsule gene locus byreplacing the wciNα gene with the wciNβ gene.

Because the 6A and 6B capsule gene loci are also almost identical exceptfor one nucleotide difference in the wciP gene, the 6B capsule genelocus has wciNα just as 6A does. The 6B capsule gene locus might capturethe wciNβ gene and may form a new capsular PS, named 6D. It was unknownwhether the 6D serotype exists in nature because there had been nosearch for 6D among natural isolates.

Although the currently available 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine contains6B PS, the old 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine contained 6A PS. The PSwas replaced in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine because 6A PS was nothighly stable in vaccine preparations, and because 6B PS inducedantibodies cross-reacting to 6A PS. Robbins et al., 1983. Investigationsfound the chemical instability to be due to the 1→3 linkage betweenrhamnose and ribitol. Zon et al., 1982. Because the 1→4 linkage found in6B PS is more stable than the 1→3 linkage of 6A PS, 6B PS is more stablethan 6A PS. The putative structure of 6D PS should be identical to thatof 6C PS except that 6C PS has the unstable 1→3 linkage whereas 6D PSshould have the more stable 1→4 linkage. Thus, it is likely that 6D PSwould be more useful in a vaccine than 6C PS.

PCR and DNA Sequencing:

PCR reaction mixtures contained 38.80 of sterile water, 2 μl of each5-pmol primer, 2 μl of 10 mM dNTP, 5 μl of 10× buffer solution, and 1 μlof LA Taq polymerase (2.5U/μl, Takara Biomedical, Shiga, Japan). Fortemplate, either chromosomal DNA isolated with Wizard genomic DNApurification kit (Promega, Madison, Wis.) or colonies grown on bloodagar plates were used. Thermal cycling conditions varied depending onthe primer set used. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1%agarose gels. The primers used are listed in Table 7. PCR products werepurified using Wizard PCR Clean-up System (Promega), and the DNAsequencing was performed by the genomics core facility at the Universityof Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). DNA sequences were analyzed withLasergene v. 5.1 software (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.) and were compared tothe previously reported sequences of the 6B and 6C cps loci in GenBank(access numbers CR931639, EF538714, respectively). Mavroidi et al.,2004.

Creation of 6D by a Genetic Manipulation:

Capsule synthesis involves the cooperation of many genes. For instance,if the repeating unit of 6D PS cannot be exported to the outside of thebacteria to be assembled into a long chain of capsular PS, the repeatingunit would accumulate in the bacteria, creating a lethal condition forbacteria with the capsule gene loci for the 6D serotype. If this is so,it is unlikely that the 6D serotype is present in nature. Thus, it isimportant to demonstrate that the 6D serotype is biologically possible.

The strategy for creating TIGR6D is depicted in FIG. 19. First, TIGR6Bexpressing serotype 6B was first prepared by inserting the 6B capsulegene locus region into TIGR4 genetic background using Janus-cassettesystem as previously described in detail. Park et al., 45 J. Clin.Microbiol. 1225-33 (2007). Second, wciN gene was removed from TIGR6B bytransforming it with Cassette 1 and selecting for kanamycin resistantisolates. Cassette 1 has the Janus Cassette, which contains a kanamycinresistance gene (kanA^(R)) and a streptomycin sensitivity gene (rpsL⁺),and two flanking regions designed for homologous recombination to 6Bcapsule gene locus. A kanamycin resistant strain was obtained andbackcrossed into TIGR6B 3 times. The resulting strain, which was labeledTIGR6BX, lost wciN and did not produce capsular PS. To insert wciN_(6c),TIGR6BX was transformed with Cassette 2. Both Cassette 1 and Cassette 2were prepared from the genomic DNAs of TIGR6AX and CHPA388 using primerset 5113 and 3102, respectively. Although Cassette 2 contained a part ofwciP in addition to wciN_(6c), it did not contain the wciP codonresponsible for distinguishing 6A and 6B serotypes (FIG. 19). Afterselection for streptomycin resistance and backcrossing against TIGR6B 3times, a streptomycin resistant strain was labeled TIGR6D. When thecapsule gene locus of TIGR6D was sequenced from wchA to wciP, thesequence showed that wciN_(6B) is replaced with the wciN_(6C) gene asintended. For this sequencing, primer sets 5114-3141, 5138-3104, and5106-3105 were used to produce amplicons, and primers 5103, 5108, and5129 were used in sequencing:

TABLE 7 List of PCR primers Primer  Names Sequence (5′ to 3′) SourceForward primers 5103 AAACATGACATCAATTACA  Park et  (SEQ ID NO: 8)al., 2007 5106 TACCATGCAGGGTGGAATGT  Id. (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5108ATGGTGAGAGATATTTGTCAC  Id. (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5113 GGGAAAAATAAAAAATAGGTCGGGId. (SEQ ID NO:10) 5114 TTAGTGACGGAGGCAGGTGAA  presented (SEQ ID NO: 29) herein 5129 TCCTACTTACAGCAACTTCTCGTG  presented (SEQ ID NO: 30) herein 5138 AAAGCTATGTCGCCTGCTAAAAAA presentedGCAATGGCTA(SEQ ID NO: 31) herein Reverse primers 3102CTGGCATGTCATCTTTAGAAAA  presented  (SEQ ID NO: 32) herein 3104CCTGAAAACAATACTACTT  presented  (SEQ ID NO: 33) herein 3105TTCCCATCTCTAAACATTCTCCT   presented (SEQ ID NO: 34) herein 3141GGCGACATAGCTTTTCTTTCAAT presented ATCTT(SEQ ID NO: 35) herein

The TIGR6D cps locus sequence is deposited in Genbank (accession numberEU714777). TIGR6D was morphologically indistinguishable from TIGR6B whengrown on blood agar plates. Also, TIGR6D grew as well as otherpneumococcal strains in THY broth. Serotype 6D was deposited in theAmerican Type Culture Collection (10601 University Blvd., Manassas, Va.20110) on Oct. 5, 2010, and is commercially available as BEI NumberNR-20806.

Quellung Reaction:

Bacterial colonies from blood agar plates were suspended in a smallvolume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 20 of this broth wascombined with 20 of serum and 20 of methylene blue dye solution (3 mg/mLmethylene blue and 1.5 mg/mL NaCl in sterile water) on a glassmicroscope slide. After adding a coverslip, mixtures were examined underbright-field microscopy using a 100× oil immersion lens. The rabbitantisera specific for serotypes 6A and 6B were prepared by the CDC.

Example 12 Inhibition ELISA Used to Distinguish Serotypes 6B and 6D

The two serotypes were distinguished using an inhibition-type-ELISA.Briefly, the wells of ELISA plates (Corning Costar Corp., Acton, Mass.)were coated at 37° C. with 5 μg/mL of 6B capsular PS (ATCC, Manassas,Va.) overnight in PBS. After washing the plates three times with PBScontaining 0.05% Tween 20, 500 of a previously diluted bacterial culturesupernatant (or lysates) was added to the wells along with 500 of ananti-6B mAb. Pneumococcal lysates were prepared by growing pneumococciovernight in 1 ml of THY broth without shaking and then incubating thetubes for 15 min at 37° C. with a lysis buffer (0.1% sodiumdeoxycholate, 0.01% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 0.15M sodium citrate indeionized water). Culture supernatants of 6B-specific hybridomas Hyp6BM7and Hyp6BM8 were used at dilutions of 1:50 and 1:100, respectively.After 30 min of incubation in a humid incubator at 37° C., the plateswere washed three times and incubated for 30 min with alkalinephosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Sigma, St. Louis,Mo.). The plates were washed three times and then 1000 ofparanitrophenyl phosphate substrate (Sigma) in diethanolamine buffer ata concentration of 1 mg/ml was added, and allowed to incubate at roomtemperature for 1-2 hours. The optical density at 405 nm was read with amicroplate reader (BioTek Instruments Inc, Winooski, Vt.).

Example 13 Purification and Characterization of 6D Capsular PS

Capsular PS expressing serotype 6D was purified in two different ways.One method (ethanol precipitation method) was to purify the PS byethanol precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and molecular weightsizing chromatography as described previously. Park et al., 45 J. Clin.Microbiol. 1225-33 (2007). The other method, which is faster than thefirst method and is to purify capsular PS after removing protoplasts, isdescribed below. TIGR6D was grown in 1 liter of THY broth withoutshaking until the culture reached an OD₆₀₀ of ˜0.4. The culture was thencentrifuged at 15,000 g for 10 min. The cell pellet was washed twicewith 1L PBS, and resuspended in 30 mL of protoplast buffer {20% sucrose,5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), and 2.5 mM Mg₂SO₄ in deionized water} withmutanolysin (Sigma) at a concentration of 20 U/mL and allowed toincubate overnight at room temperature. The next day, the bacterialcells were examined under a phase contrast microscope to ensure“protoplasting” had occurred, then protoplasts were removed bycentrifugation at 27,000 g for 15 min. The supernatant was sterilizedthrough a 0.22 micron filter, diluted 1:1 in deionized water, and wasloaded onto a DEAE-Sepharose column (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala,Sweden) with a 2 ml bed volume. The column was washed with 4 ml of 50 mMammonium acetate, and the PS was eluted from the column with 4 ml of 500mM ammonium acetate. After lyophilization, the eluted PS was loaded on aSephacryl S-300 HR column (Amersham Biosciences) with a bed volume of130 mL and the PS was eluted with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4). The fractionswere tested for the presence of PS by the inhibition assay usingHyp6BM8. The first 1 mL of fractions, which contains majority of PS,were pooled and lyophilized.

Monosaccharide Composition Analysis of PS:

1 mg of lyophilized capsular PS prepared by the protoplast method wasdissolved in 500 μl of 1M HCl and incubated at 80° C. for 16 hr. Afterdrying the sample under a nitrogen stream, the remaining PS was washedtwice with 250 μl of methanol. The sample was then incubated with 200 μlof Tri-Sil Reagent (Pierce Biotech Inc., Rockford, Ill.) totrimethylsilylate all the monosaccharides. The reaction products wereanalyzed on a gas-liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GLC/MS)(Varian 4000; Varian Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) fitted with a 30-m(0.25-mm-diameter) VF-5 capillary column. Column temperature wasmaintained at 100° C. for 5 min and then increased to 275° C. at 20°C./min and finally held at 275° C. for 5 min. The effluent was analyzedby mass spectrometry (MS) using the electron impact ionization mode. Theareas of each monosaccharide peaks in GLC/MS were determined usingVarian MS Workstation v6.5 software.

Analysis of PS by Tandem Mass Spectrometry:

Intact capsular PSs prepared by the ethanol precipitation method werehydrolyzed to their repeating units before analysis by massspectrometry. A 2 mg aliquot of PS was hydrolyzed in 1 mL of 10 mM NaOHat 85° C. for 120 hours followed by another hydrolysis at 50 mM NaOH at85° C. for 120 hr. At the end of hydrolysis, all samples wereneutralized with 0.1M HCl.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was performed in the Mass SpectrometryShared Facility at the UAB with a Micromass Q-TOF2 mass spectrometer(Micromass Ltd., Manchester, United Kingdom) equipped with anelectrospray ion source. The samples dissolved in distilled water wereinjected into the mass spectrometer with running buffer (50/50acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% formic acid) at a rate of lμ1/minusing a Harvard syring pump. The injected sample was negatively ionizedwith electrospray and detected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.For MS/MS, the parent ion was fragmented into daughter ions byenergizing it to either 35 eV or 40 eV before collision with argon gas.The daughter ions were analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.The MS/MS spectra were processed using the Max-Ent3 module of MassLynx2.5. The study showed that ribitol and glucose 1 are cleaved byperiodate while glucose 2 and rhamnose are not. The mass of daughterions showed that the phosphodiester bond is made to the 2nd position ofglucose 1 and all other glycosidic bonds are same as 6B PS). The MS/MSstudies supported the proposed structure shown in FIG. 21 A.

More specifically, to determine if the monosaccharide sequence of the 6DPS is as proposed in FIG. 21 A, a mild alkali hydrolysis which breaksthe phosphodiester bonds and produces repeating units was used. Asobserved for 6C PS, the hydrolysis yields two types of repeating unitswith identical mass, one with the phosphate ion linked to ribitol(labeled forward fragmentation) or another linked to glucose (labeledreverse fragmentation). The phosphate ion endows the repeating unit witha negative charge. When the alkali hydrolysis product was analyzed fornegative ions by MS/MS, the results showed two prominent peaks with 683and 701 AMUs (FIG. 21B), which is respectively identical to theanhydrous and hydrated mass of the predicted repeating unit of 6D PS(FIG. 21A). The peak at 260.902 AMU was absent in other MS/MS attemptsand may represent a contaminant.

Additionally, the ion with 683 AMU (i.e., intact repeating unit) wassubjected to argon collision and identified its daughter ions with MS/MSanalysis. Daughter ions were observed at 521, 359, and 213 AMU, whichrespectively represents daughter ions that lost the first glucose, thesecond glucose, and rhamnose (FIG. 21C). Peaks were also observed at549, 403, and 241 AMUs, which also correspond to the daughter ionsformed after reverse fragmentation by losing ribitol, ribitol-rhamnose,and ribitol-rhamnose-glucose 2, respectively (FIG. 21C). Three peakswith 113, 127, and 145 AMUs were absent in other MS/MS analyses and mayrepresent contaminants. Thus, the monosaccharide sequence of the 6D PSrepeating unit is glucose 1-glucose 2-rhamnose-ribitol as proposed inFIG. 21A. The two glucose residues were labeled 1 and 2 for clarity.

Oxidation and Reduction of PS:

Capsular PSs were dissolved in 80 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4) at aconcentration of 1 mg/mL. Sodium periodate was added to the PS solutionto a final concentration of 40 mM and the reaction mixture was incubatedin the dark at 4° C. for 72 hours. Excess periodate was destroyed byadding ethylene glycol. To determine intact monosaccharides of theoxidized capsular PS, PS was then lyophilized then analyzed using GLC/MSas described above. To investigate the glycosidic bonds, sample wasreduced with sodium borohydride or sodium tetradeuteroborate aspreviously described (Park et al., 45 J. Clin. Microbiol. 1225-33(2007)), before subjecting to MS/MS as described above. 6D PS wasprepared with protoplast method and 6B PS was obtained from ATCC.

Hydrolytic Stability Assay:

0.9 mL of 2 mg/mL PS in water was mixed with 0.1 mL of 0.1 M NaOH andthis solution was split into two eppendorf tubes and incubated at 85° C.At the indicated times, 0.1 mL was removed from these samples,neutralized with 0.1M HCl, and then stored at 4° C. until used in theinhibition ELISA. Using the same buffers and incubation conditionsdescribed for the inhibition ELISA above, plates were coated with 100 μlof 5 μg/mL 6A, 6B, 6C, or 6D PS. The ELISA was performed with thehydrolyzed samples on plates coated with their respective PSs. For 6Aand 6C PSs, Hyp6AG1 was used as the primary antibody (as performed inPark et al., 2007), and for 6B and 6D, Hyp6BM8 was used (as describedabove). Data shown is the average of samples run in duplicate (FIG. 22).

During the alkali hydrolysis experiments for mass spectrometry, 6D PSwas very resistant to alkali hydrolysis. To measure resistance tohydrolysis, the ability of 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D PSs to inhibit binding ofHyp6BM8 (for 6B and 6D PSs) or Hyp6AG1 (for 6A and 6C PSs) to target PSafter alkali hydrolysis for various time periods were compared. The 6Aand 6C PSs completely lost their ability to inhibit after only 1 hour ofhydrolysis. In contrast, 6B PS lost 90% of its inhibitory ability in 8hours and more than 100 hours of hydrolysis was needed for 6D PS to loseits inhibitory ability by 90% (FIG. 22). Thus, 6D PS is much moreresistant than 6A and 6C PS to alkali hydrolysis, and may be moreresistant than 6B PS.

Example 14 Screening for the Existence of Serotype 6D Among Isolates

To determine whether 6D exists in nature, 264 pneumococcal isolates thatwere previously serotyped as “6B” by classical means were re-serotypedfor serotypes 6B or 6D using mAbs. The isolates were a part of aUniversity of Alabama, Birmingham, laboratory collection of 6B isolates,which have originated from Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, NorthAmerica, and Europe. In addition to these, TIGR6A, TIGR6AX, and TIGR6C,which are isogenic strains of TIGR4 expressing the 6A-type capsule, nocapsule, and 6C-type capsule (Park et al., 75. Infect. Immun. 4482-89(2007)), were used as assay controls or a source of DNA. AdditionalTIGR4 variants, which are TIGR6B, TIGR6BX, and TIGR6D, were prepared asdescribed below. All bacteria were grown in Todd-Hewitt broth (BDBiosciences, San Jose, Calif.) supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract(THY) and kept frozen at −80° C. until used.

TABLE 8 Re-analysis of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae previouslytyped as “6B” strains 264 clinical isolates Serotyping Assay TIGR6ATIGR6B TIGR6C TIGR6D typed as 6B Quellung Reaction for 6B negativepositive negative positive positive* serotype Hyp6BM8 ELISA negativepositive negative positive positive Hyp6BM7 ELISA negative positivenegative negative positive *Many isolates were originally typed as 6B byquellung reaction but some were typed as 6B using an agglutinationassay.

When the serological properties of TIGR6D were examined by the quellungreaction using polyclonal rabbit antisera, it was typed as 6B. WhenTIGR6D PS was examined for binding various mAbs to 6A and 6B PS using aninhibition ELISA, it was reactive with many mAbs to 6B PS. For instance,TIGR6D inhibited Hyp6BM8 binding to 6B PS. These observations clearlydemonstrated that 6D PS is serologically very close to 6B PS. Incontrast, a mAb specific to 6B PS (Hyp6BM7) was not reactive with 6D PS(FIG. 20). Thus, 6D PS is serologically distinct from 6B PS.

Above serological studies showed that if pneumococcal isolatesexpressing 6D PS are present in nature, they would have been typed as 6Bserotype. To look for the presence of serotype 6D isolates in nature,264 pneumococcal isolates that were previously typed as serotype 6B wereexamined using an inhibition ELISA capable of distinguishing between the6B and 6D serotypes (FIG. 20). These 6B isolates came from sixcontinents (North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, andAustralia), and were isolated from patients with bacteremia, meningitis,pneumonia, and otitis media as well as from healthy carriers. None ofthe 264 6B strains exhibited the antibody binding profile of 6D (Table8). Thus, the prevalence of serotype 6D, if it exists, is much less thanthat of the prevalence of 6B.

We claim:
 1. An isolated bacterial strain designated Streptococcuspneumoniae 6D; said bacterial strain characterized as having a capsularpolysaccharide having the repeating unit {→2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2(1→3) rhamnose (1→4) ribitol (5→phosphate}.
 2. A composition comprisinga purified polysaccharide comprising the repeating unit {→2) glucose 1(1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→4) ribitol (5→phosphate}.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein said polysaccharide is conjugated to acarrier.
 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the carrier is aprotein.
 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein the carrier is a bead.6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the composition comprises anadjuvant.
 7. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polysaccharide isproduced by a recombinant bacterium that expresses a recombinant genomethat produces a capsular polysaccharide having the repeating unit {→2)glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→4) ribitol (5→phosphate}. 8.The composition of claim 2, wherein the polysaccharide is produced by anisolated Streptococcus pneumoniae 6D, wherein said Streptococcuspneumoniae 6D has a capsular polysaccharide having the repeating unit{→2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→4) ribitol(5→phosphate}.
 9. A method of generating monoclonal or polyclonalantibodies using the composition of claim
 2. 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant.
 11. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier.